Android 14, önceki sürümlerde olduğu gibi uygulamanızı etkileyebilecek davranış değişiklikleri içerir. Aşağıdaki davranış değişiklikleri yalnızca Android 14'ü (API düzeyi 34) veya sonraki sürümleri hedefleyen uygulamalar için geçerlidir. Uygulamanız Android 14 veya sonraki sürümleri hedefliyorsa geçerli durumlarda bu davranışları düzgün şekilde destekleyecek şekilde değiştirmeniz gerekir.
Uygulamanın targetSdkVersion
'sinden bağımsız olarak Android 14'te çalışan tüm uygulamaları etkileyen davranış değişiklikleri listesini de incelemeyi unutmayın.
Temel işlevler
Ön plan hizmeti türleri zorunludur
If your app targets Android 14 (API level 34) or higher, it must specify at least one foreground service type for each foreground service within your app. You should choose a foreground service type that represents your app's use case. The system expects foreground services that have a particular type to satisfy a particular use case.
If a use case in your app isn't associated with any of these types, it's strongly recommended that you migrate your logic to use WorkManager or user-initiated data transfer jobs.
BluetoothAdapter'da BLUETOOTH_CONNECT izninin zorunlu kılınması
Android 14 enforces the BLUETOOTH_CONNECT
permission when calling the
BluetoothAdapter
getProfileConnectionState()
method for apps targeting
Android 14 (API level 34) or higher.
This method already required the BLUETOOTH_CONNECT
permission, but it was not
enforced. Make sure your app declares BLUETOOTH_CONNECT
in your app's
AndroidManifest.xml
file as shown in the following snippet and check that
a user has granted the permission before calling
getProfileConnectionState
.
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.BLUETOOTH_CONNECT" />
OpenJDK 17 güncellemeleri
Android 14 continues the work of refreshing Android's core libraries to align with the features in the latest OpenJDK LTS releases, including both library updates and Java 17 language support for app and platform developers.
A few of these changes can affect app compatibility:
- Changes to regular expressions: Invalid group references are now
disallowed to more closely follow the semantics of OpenJDK. You might see
new cases where an
IllegalArgumentException
is thrown by thejava.util.regex.Matcher
class, so make sure to test your app for areas that use regular expressions. To enable or disable this change while testing, toggle theDISALLOW_INVALID_GROUP_REFERENCE
flag using the compatibility framework tools. - UUID handling: The
java.util.UUID.fromString()
method now does more strict checks when validating the input argument, so you might see anIllegalArgumentException
during deserialization. To enable or disable this change while testing, toggle theENABLE_STRICT_VALIDATION
flag using the compatibility framework tools. - ProGuard issues: In some cases, the addition of the
java.lang.ClassValue
class causes an issue if you try to shrink, obfuscate, and optimize your app using ProGuard. The problem originates with a Kotlin library that changes runtime behaviour based on whetherClass.forName("java.lang.ClassValue")
returns a class or not. If your app was developed against an older version of the runtime without thejava.lang.ClassValue
class available, then these optimizations might remove thecomputeValue
method from classes derived fromjava.lang.ClassValue
.
JobScheduler, geri çağırma ve ağ davranışını güçlendirir
Since its introduction, JobScheduler expects your app to return from
onStartJob
or onStopJob
within a few seconds. Prior to Android 14,
if a job runs too long, the job is stopped and fails silently.
If your app targets Android 14 (API level 34) or higher and
exceeds the granted time on the main thread, the app triggers an ANR
with the error message "No response to onStartJob
" or
"No response to onStopJob
".
This ANR may be a result of 2 scenarios:
1. There is work blocking the main thread, preventing the callbacks onStartJob
or onStopJob
from executing and completing within the expected time limit.
2. The developer is running blocking work within the JobScheduler
callback onStartJob
or onStopJob
, preventing the callback from
completing within the expected time limit.
To address #1, you will need to further debug what is blocking the main thread
when the ANR occurs, you can do this using
ApplicationExitInfo#getTraceInputStream()
to get the tombstone
trace when the ANR occurs. If you're able to manually reproduce the ANR,
you can record a system trace and inspect the trace using either
Android Studio or Perfetto to better understand what is running on
the main thread when the ANR occurs.
Note that this can happen when using JobScheduler API directly
or using the androidx library WorkManager.
To address #2, consider migrating to WorkManager, which provides
support for wrapping any processing in onStartJob
or onStopJob
in an asynchronous thread.
JobScheduler
also introduces a requirement to declare the
ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE
permission if using setRequiredNetworkType
or
setRequiredNetwork
constraint. If your app does not declare the
ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE
permission when scheduling the job and is targeting
Android 14 or higher, it will result in a SecurityException
.
Tiles launch API
For apps targeting 14 and higher,
TileService#startActivityAndCollapse(Intent)
is deprecated and now throws
an exception when called. If your app launches activities from tiles, use
TileService#startActivityAndCollapse(PendingIntent)
instead.
Gizlilik
Fotoğraflara ve videolara kısmi erişim
Android 14 introduces Selected Photos Access, which allows users to grant apps access to specific images and videos in their library, rather than granting access to all media of a given type.
This change is only enabled if your app targets Android 14 (API level 34) or higher. If you don't use the photo picker yet, we recommend implementing it in your app to provide a consistent experience for selecting images and videos that also enhances user privacy without having to request any storage permissions.
If you maintain your own gallery picker using storage permissions and need to
maintain full control over your implementation, adapt your implementation
to use the new READ_MEDIA_VISUAL_USER_SELECTED
permission. If your app
doesn't use the new permission, the system runs your app in a compatibility
mode.
Kullanıcı deneyimi
Güvenli tam ekran intent bildirimleri
Android 11 (API düzeyi 30) ile birlikte, telefon kilitliyken tam ekran intent'ler göndermek için tüm uygulamaların Notification.Builder.setFullScreenIntent
kullanması mümkündü. AndroidManifest dosyasında USE_FULL_SCREEN_INTENT
iznini belirterek bu izni uygulama yüklenirken otomatik olarak verebilirsiniz.
Tam ekran intent bildirimleri, kullanıcının hemen ilgilenmesini gerektiren son derece yüksek öncelikli bildirimler (ör. gelen telefon araması veya kullanıcı tarafından yapılandırılmış alarm saati ayarları) için tasarlanmıştır. Android 14 (API düzeyi 34) veya sonraki sürümleri hedefleyen uygulamalarda bu iznin kullanılmasına izin verilen uygulamalar yalnızca arama ve alarm sağlayan uygulamalarla sınırlıdır. Google Play Store, bu profile uymayan uygulamaların varsayılan USE_FULL_SCREEN_INTENT
izinlerini iptal eder. Bu politika değişikliklerinin son tarihi 31 Mayıs 2024'tür.
Bu izin, kullanıcı Android 14'e güncellemeden önce telefona yüklenen uygulamalarda etkin kalır. Kullanıcılar bu izni etkinleştirip devre dışı bırakabilir.
Uygulamanızın izin alıp almadığını kontrol etmek için yeni API'yi NotificationManager.canUseFullScreenIntent
kullanabilirsiniz. İzin yoksa uygulamanız, kullanıcıların izni verebileceği ayarlar sayfasını başlatmak için yeni intent'i ACTION_MANAGE_APP_USE_FULL_SCREEN_INTENT
kullanabilir.
Güvenlik
Örtülü ve bekleyen amaçlarla ilgili kısıtlamalar
For apps targeting Android 14 (API level 34) or higher, Android restricts apps from sending implicit intents to internal app components in the following ways:
- Implicit intents are only delivered to exported components. Apps must either use an explicit intent to deliver to unexported components, or mark the component as exported.
- If an app creates a mutable pending intent with an intent that doesn't specify a component or package, the system throws an exception.
These changes prevent malicious apps from intercepting implicit intents that are intended for use by an app's internal components.
For example, here is an intent filter that could be declared in your app's manifest file:
<activity
android:name=".AppActivity"
android:exported="false">
<intent-filter>
<action android:name="com.example.action.APP_ACTION" />
<category android:name="android.intent.category.DEFAULT" />
</intent-filter>
</activity>
If your app tried to launch this activity using an implicit intent, an
ActivityNotFoundException
exception would be thrown:
Kotlin
// Throws an ActivityNotFoundException exception when targeting Android 14. context.startActivity(Intent("com.example.action.APP_ACTION"))
Java
// Throws an ActivityNotFoundException exception when targeting Android 14. context.startActivity(new Intent("com.example.action.APP_ACTION"));
To launch the non-exported activity, your app should use an explicit intent instead:
Kotlin
// This makes the intent explicit. val explicitIntent = Intent("com.example.action.APP_ACTION") explicitIntent.apply { package = context.packageName } context.startActivity(explicitIntent)
Java
// This makes the intent explicit. Intent explicitIntent = new Intent("com.example.action.APP_ACTION") explicitIntent.setPackage(context.getPackageName()); context.startActivity(explicitIntent);
Çalışma zamanında kaydedilen yayın alıcılar, dışa aktarma davranışını belirtmelidir
Android 14 (API düzeyi 34) veya sonraki sürümleri hedefleyen ve bağlama kayıtlı alıcıları kullanan uygulamaların ve hizmetlerin, alıcının cihazdaki diğer tüm uygulamalara aktarılıp aktarılmayacağını belirtmek için bir işaret belirtmesi gerekir: sırasıyla RECEIVER_EXPORTED
veya RECEIVER_NOT_EXPORTED
.
Bu şart, Android 13'te kullanıma sunulan bu alıcılara yönelik özelliklerden yararlanarak uygulamaları güvenlik açıklarına karşı korumaya yardımcı olur.
Yalnızca sistem yayınları alan alıcılar için istisna
Uygulamanız, Context#registerReceiver()
gibi Context#registerReceiver
yöntemleri kullanarak yalnızca sistem yayınları için alıcı kaydediyorsa alıcıyı kaydederken bir işaret belirtmemelidir.
Daha güvenli dinamik kod yükleme
If your app targets Android 14 (API level 34) or higher and uses Dynamic Code Loading (DCL), all dynamically-loaded files must be marked as read-only. Otherwise, the system throws an exception. We recommend that apps avoid dynamically loading code whenever possible, as doing so greatly increases the risk that an app can be compromised by code injection or code tampering.
If you must dynamically load code, use the following approach to set the dynamically-loaded file (such as a DEX, JAR, or APK file) as read-only as soon as the file is opened and before any content is written:
Kotlin
val jar = File("DYNAMICALLY_LOADED_FILE.jar") val os = FileOutputStream(jar) os.use { // Set the file to read-only first to prevent race conditions jar.setReadOnly() // Then write the actual file content } val cl = PathClassLoader(jar, parentClassLoader)
Java
File jar = new File("DYNAMICALLY_LOADED_FILE.jar"); try (FileOutputStream os = new FileOutputStream(jar)) { // Set the file to read-only first to prevent race conditions jar.setReadOnly(); // Then write the actual file content } catch (IOException e) { ... } PathClassLoader cl = new PathClassLoader(jar, parentClassLoader);
Handle dynamically-loaded files that already exist
To prevent exceptions from being thrown for existing dynamically-loaded files, we recommend deleting and recreating the files before you try to dynamically load them again in your app. As you recreate the files, follow the preceding guidance for marking the files read-only at write time. Alternatively, you can re-label the existing files as read-only, but in this case, we strongly recommend that you verify the integrity of the files first (for example, by checking the file's signature against a trusted value), to help protect your app from malicious actions.
Arka planda etkinlik başlatmayla ilgili ek kısıtlamalar
对于以 Android 14(API 级别 34)或更高版本为目标平台的应用,系统会进一步限制允许应用在后台启动 activity 的时间:
- 现在,当应用使用
PendingIntent#send()
或类似方法发送PendingIntent
时,如果它想要授予自己的后台 activity 启动待处理 intent 的启动特权,则必须选择启用。如需选择启用,应用应通过setPendingIntentBackgroundActivityStartMode(MODE_BACKGROUND_ACTIVITY_START_ALLOWED)
传递ActivityOptions
软件包。 - 当可见应用使用
bindService()
方法绑定其他在后台应用的服务时,如果可见应用想要授予自己的后台 activity 对绑定服务的启动特权,则必须选择启用。如需选择启用,应用应在调用bindService()
方法时包含BIND_ALLOW_ACTIVITY_STARTS
标志。
这些更改扩大了一组现有限制条件的范围,目的是防止恶意应用滥用 API 以在后台启动干扰性活动,从而保护用户。
Zip path traversal
For apps targeting Android 14 (API level 34) or higher, Android prevents the Zip
Path Traversal Vulnerability in the following way:
ZipFile(String)
and
ZipInputStream.getNextEntry()
throws a
ZipException
if zip file entry names contain ".." or start
with "/".
Apps can opt-out from this validation by calling
dalvik.system.ZipPathValidator.clearCallback()
.
Her MediaProjection yakalama oturumu için kullanıcı izni gerekir
For apps targeting Android 14 (API level 34) or higher, a SecurityException
is
thrown by MediaProjection#createVirtualDisplay
in either of the following
scenarios:
- Your app caches the
Intent
that is returned fromMediaProjectionManager#createScreenCaptureIntent
, and passes it multiple times toMediaProjectionManager#getMediaProjection
. - Your app invokes
MediaProjection#createVirtualDisplay
multiple times on the sameMediaProjection
instance.
Your app must ask the user to give consent before each capture session. A single
capture session is a single invocation on
MediaProjection#createVirtualDisplay
, and each MediaProjection
instance must
be used only once.
Handle configuration changes
If your app needs to invoke MediaProjection#createVirtualDisplay
to handle
configuration changes (such as the screen orientation or screen size changing),
you can follow these steps to update the VirtualDisplay
for the existing
MediaProjection
instance:
- Invoke
VirtualDisplay#resize
with the new width and height. - Provide a new
Surface
with the new width and height toVirtualDisplay#setSurface
.
Register a callback
Your app should register a callback to handle cases where the user doesn't grant
consent to continue a capture session. To do this, implement
Callback#onStop
and have your app release any related resources (such as
the VirtualDisplay
and Surface
).
If your app doesn't register this callback,
MediaProjection#createVirtualDisplay
throws an IllegalStateException
when your app invokes it.
SDK olmayan arayüzlerle ilgili güncellenen kısıtlamalar
Android 14, Android geliştiricilerle işbirliği ve en son dahili testlere dayalı olarak kısıtlanmış, SDK dışı arayüzlerin güncellenmiş listelerini içerir. Mümkün olduğunda, SDK olmayan arayüzleri kısıtlamadan önce herkese açık alternatiflerin kullanılabilir olmasını sağlarız.
Uygulamanız Android 14'ü hedeflemiyorsa bu değişikliklerin bazıları sizi hemen etkilemeyebilir. Ancak şu anda bazı SDK dışı arayüzleri (uygulamanızın hedef API düzeyine bağlı olarak) kullanabilseniz de herhangi bir SDK dışı yöntemi veya alanı kullanmak uygulamanızın bozulma riskini her zaman yüksek tutar.
Uygulamanızda SDK dışı arayüzler kullanılıp kullanılmadığından emin değilseniz öğrenmek için uygulamanızı test edebilirsiniz. Uygulamanız SDK dışı arayüzleri kullanıyorsa SDK alternatiflerine geçişi planlamaya başlamanız gerekir. Bununla birlikte, bazı uygulamaların SDK dışı arayüzleri kullanmak için geçerli kullanım alanları olduğunu anlıyoruz. Uygulamanızdaki bir özellik için SDK dışı arayüz kullanmaya alternatif bulamıyorsanız yeni bir herkese açık API isteğinde bulunmalısınız.
To learn more about the changes in this release of Android, see Updates to non-SDK interface restrictions in Android 14. To learn more about non-SDK interfaces generally, see Restrictions on non-SDK interfaces.