Behavior changes: Apps targeting Android 14 or higher

Like previous releases, Android 14 includes behavior changes that might affect your app. The following behavior changes apply exclusively to apps that are targeting Android 14 (API level 34) or higher. If your app is targeting Android 14 or higher, you should modify your app to support these behaviors properly, where applicable.

Be sure to also review the list of behavior changes that affect all apps running on Android 14 regardless of the app's targetSdkVersion.

Core functionality

Foreground service types are required

If your app targets Android 14 (API level 34) or higher, it must specify at least one foreground service type for each foreground service within your app. You should choose a foreground service type that represents your app's use case. The system expects foreground services that have a particular type to satisfy a particular use case.

If a use case in your app isn't associated with any of these types, it's strongly recommended that you migrate your logic to use WorkManager or user-initiated data transfer jobs.

Enforcement of BLUETOOTH_CONNECT permission in BluetoothAdapter

Android 14 enforces the BLUETOOTH_CONNECT permission when calling the BluetoothAdapter getProfileConnectionState() method for apps targeting Android 14 (API level 34) or higher.

This method already required the BLUETOOTH_CONNECT permission, but it was not enforced. Make sure your app declares BLUETOOTH_CONNECT in your app's AndroidManifest.xml file as shown in the following snippet and check that a user has granted the permission before calling getProfileConnectionState.

<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.BLUETOOTH_CONNECT" />

OpenJDK 17 updates

Android 14 continues the work of refreshing Android's core libraries to align with the features in the latest OpenJDK LTS releases, including both library updates and Java 17 language support for app and platform developers.

A few of these changes can affect app compatibility:

• Changes to regular expressions: Invalid group references are now disallowed to more closely follow the semantics of OpenJDK. You might see new cases where an IllegalArgumentException is thrown by the java.util.regex.Matcher class, so make sure to test your app for areas that use regular expressions. To enable or disable this change while testing, toggle the DISALLOW_INVALID_GROUP_REFERENCE flag using the compatibility framework tools.
• UUID handling: The java.util.UUID.fromString() method now does more strict checks when validating the input argument, so you might see an IllegalArgumentException during deserialization. To enable or disable this change while testing, toggle the ENABLE_STRICT_VALIDATION flag using the compatibility framework tools.
• ProGuard issues: In some cases, the addition of the java.lang.ClassValue class causes an issue if you try to shrink, obfuscate, and optimize your app using ProGuard. The problem originates with a Kotlin library that changes runtime behaviour based on whether Class.forName("java.lang.ClassValue") returns a class or not. If your app was developed against an older version of the runtime without the java.lang.ClassValue class available, then these optimizations might remove the computeValue method from classes derived from java.lang.ClassValue.

JobScheduler reinforces callback and network behavior

自从引入后，JobScheduler 期望您的应用从 onStartJob 或 onStopJob。在 Android 14 之前，如果作业运行时间过长，系统会停止作业并静默失败。如果您的应用以 Android 14（API 级别 34）或更高版本为目标平台， 超过在主线程上授予的时间，应用会触发 ANR 显示“没有响应 onStartJob”错误消息或 “onStopJob没有回复”。

此 ANR 可能是由以下 2 种情况造成的： 1.有工作阻塞主线程，阻止回调 onStartJob 或者onStopJob在预期时间内执行并完成。 2. 开发者在 JobScheduler 中运行阻塞工作 回调 onStartJob 或 onStopJob，阻止从 在预期的时限内完成

要解决第 1 个问题，您需要进一步调试阻塞主线程的因素 您可以使用以下代码 ApplicationExitInfo#getTraceInputStream()，用于获取 Tombstone ANR 发生时的跟踪信息如果您能够手动重现 ANR 问题 您可以录制系统轨迹，并使用 Android Studio 或 Perfetto，以便更好地了解应用上运行的 在发生 ANR 时调用主线程 请注意，直接使用 JobScheduler API 或使用 androidx 库 WorkManager 时可能会发生这种情况。

如需解决问题 2，请考虑迁移到 WorkManager，它支持将 onStartJob 或 onStopJob 中的任何处理封装在异步线程中。

JobScheduler 还引入了一项要求，即如果使用 setRequiredNetworkType 或 setRequiredNetwork 约束条件，则必须声明 ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE 权限。如果您的应用未声明 ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE 权限 Android 14 或更高版本，则会导致 SecurityException。

Tiles launch API

For apps targeting 14 and higher, TileService#startActivityAndCollapse(Intent) is deprecated and now throws an exception when called. If your app launches activities from tiles, use TileService#startActivityAndCollapse(PendingIntent) instead.

Privacy

Partial access to photos and videos

Android 14 introduces Selected Photos Access, which allows users to grant apps access to specific images and videos in their library, rather than granting access to all media of a given type.

This change is only enabled if your app targets Android 14 (API level 34) or higher. If you don't use the photo picker yet, we recommend implementing it in your app to provide a consistent experience for selecting images and videos that also enhances user privacy without having to request any storage permissions.

If you maintain your own gallery picker using storage permissions and need to maintain full control over your implementation, adapt your implementation to use the new READ_MEDIA_VISUAL_USER_SELECTED permission. If your app doesn't use the new permission, the system runs your app in a compatibility mode.

User experience

Secure full-screen Intent notifications

With Android 11 (API level 30), it was possible for any app to use Notification.Builder.setFullScreenIntent to send full-screen intents while the phone is locked. You could auto-grant this on app install by declaring USE_FULL_SCREEN_INTENT permission in the AndroidManifest.

Full-screen intent notifications are designed for extremely high-priority notifications demanding the user's immediate attention, such as an incoming phone call or alarm clock settings configured by the user. For apps targeting Android 14 (API level 34) or higher, apps that are allowed to use this permission are limited to those that provide calling and alarms only. The Google Play Store revokes default USE_FULL_SCREEN_INTENT permissions for any apps that don't fit this profile. The deadline for these policy changes is May 31, 2024.

This permission remains enabled for apps installed on the phone before the user updates to Android 14. Users can turn this permission on and off.

You can use the new API NotificationManager.canUseFullScreenIntent to check if your app has the permission; if not, your app can use the new intent ACTION_MANAGE_APP_USE_FULL_SCREEN_INTENT to launch the settings page where users can grant the permission.

Security

Restrictions to implicit and pending intents

对于以 Android 14（API 级别 34）或更高版本为目标平台的应用，Android 会通过以下方式限制应用向内部应用组件发送隐式 intent：

• 隐式 intent 只能传送到导出的组件。应用必须使用显式 intent 传送到未导出的组件，或将该组件标记为已导出。
• 如果应用通过未指定组件或软件包的 intent 创建可变待处理 intent，系统会抛出异常。

这些变更可防止恶意应用拦截意在供应用内部组件使用的隐式 intent。

例如，下面是可以在应用的清单文件中声明的 intent 过滤器：

<activity
    android:name=".AppActivity"
    android:exported="false">
    <intent-filter>
        <action android:name="com.example.action.APP_ACTION" />
        <category android:name="android.intent.category.DEFAULT" />
    </intent-filter>
</activity>

如果应用尝试使用隐式 intent 启动此 activity，则系统会抛出 ActivityNotFoundException 异常：

// Throws an ActivityNotFoundException exception when targeting Android 14.
context.startActivity(Intent("com.example.action.APP_ACTION"))

// Throws an ActivityNotFoundException exception when targeting Android 14.
context.startActivity(new Intent("com.example.action.APP_ACTION"));

如需启动非导出的 activity，应用应改用显式 intent：

// This makes the intent explicit.
val explicitIntent =
        Intent("com.example.action.APP_ACTION")
explicitIntent.apply {
    package = context.packageName
}
context.startActivity(explicitIntent)

// This makes the intent explicit.
Intent explicitIntent =
        new Intent("com.example.action.APP_ACTION")
explicitIntent.setPackage(context.getPackageName());
context.startActivity(explicitIntent);

Runtime-registered broadcasts receivers must specify export behavior

Apps and services that target Android 14 (API level 34) or higher and use context-registered receivers are required to specify a flag to indicate whether or not the receiver should be exported to all other apps on the device: either RECEIVER_EXPORTED or RECEIVER_NOT_EXPORTED, respectively. This requirement helps protect apps from security vulnerabilities by leveraging the features for these receivers introduced in Android 13.

Exception for receivers that receive only system broadcasts

If your app is registering a receiver only for system broadcasts through Context#registerReceiver methods, such as Context#registerReceiver(), then it shouldn't specify a flag when registering the receiver.

Safer dynamic code loading

If your app targets Android 14 (API level 34) or higher and uses Dynamic Code Loading (DCL), all dynamically-loaded files must be marked as read-only. Otherwise, the system throws an exception. We recommend that apps avoid dynamically loading code whenever possible, as doing so greatly increases the risk that an app can be compromised by code injection or code tampering.

If you must dynamically load code, use the following approach to set the dynamically-loaded file (such as a DEX, JAR, or APK file) as read-only as soon as the file is opened and before any content is written:

val jar = File("DYNAMICALLY_LOADED_FILE.jar")
val os = FileOutputStream(jar)
os.use {
    // Set the file to read-only first to prevent race conditions
    jar.setReadOnly()
    // Then write the actual file content
}
val cl = PathClassLoader(jar, parentClassLoader)

File jar = new File("DYNAMICALLY_LOADED_FILE.jar");
try (FileOutputStream os = new FileOutputStream(jar)) {
    // Set the file to read-only first to prevent race conditions
    jar.setReadOnly();
    // Then write the actual file content
} catch (IOException e) { ... }
PathClassLoader cl = new PathClassLoader(jar, parentClassLoader);

Handle dynamically-loaded files that already exist

To prevent exceptions from being thrown for existing dynamically-loaded files, we recommend deleting and recreating the files before you try to dynamically load them again in your app. As you recreate the files, follow the preceding guidance for marking the files read-only at write time. Alternatively, you can re-label the existing files as read-only, but in this case, we strongly recommend that you verify the integrity of the files first (for example, by checking the file's signature against a trusted value), to help protect your app from malicious actions.

Additional restrictions on starting activities from the background

For apps targeting Android 14 (API level 34) or higher, the system further restricts when apps are allowed to start activities from the background:

• When an app sends a PendingIntent using PendingIntent#send() or similar methods, the app must opt in if it wants to grant its own background activity launch privileges to start the pending intent. To opt in, the app should pass an ActivityOptions bundle with setPendingIntentBackgroundActivityStartMode(MODE_BACKGROUND_ACTIVITY_START_ALLOWED).
• When a visible app binds a service of another app that's in the background using the bindService() method, the visible app must now opt in if it wants to grant its own background activity launch privileges to the bound service. To opt in, the app should include the BIND_ALLOW_ACTIVITY_STARTS flag when calling the bindService() method.

These changes expand the existing set of restrictions to protect users by preventing malicious apps from abusing APIs to start disruptive activities from the background.

Zip path traversal

对于以 Android 14（API 级别 34）或更高版本为目标平台的应用，Android 会通过以下方式防止 Zip 路径遍历漏洞：如果 Zip 文件条目名称包含“..”或以“/”开头，ZipFile(String) 和 ZipInputStream.getNextEntry() 会抛出 ZipException。

应用可以通过调用 dalvik.system.ZipPathValidator.clearCallback() 选择停用此验证。

User consent required for each MediaProjection capture session

对于以 Android 14（API 级别 34）或更高版本为目标平台的应用，在以下任一情况下，MediaProjection#createVirtualDisplay 都会抛出 SecurityException：

• 您的应用会缓存从 MediaProjectionManager#createScreenCaptureIntent 返回的 Intent，并多次将其传递给 MediaProjectionManager#getMediaProjection。
• 您的应用在同一 MediaProjection 实例上多次调用 MediaProjection#createVirtualDisplay。

您的应用必须在每次捕获会话之前征求用户同意。单次捕获会话是对 MediaProjection#createVirtualDisplay 的单次调用，并且每个 MediaProjection 实例只能使用一次。

处理配置变更

如果您的应用需要调用 MediaProjection#createVirtualDisplay 来处理配置更改（例如屏幕方向或屏幕大小更改），您可以按照以下步骤更新现有 MediaProjection 实例的 VirtualDisplay：

1. 使用新的宽度和高度调用 VirtualDisplay#resize。
2. 向 VirtualDisplay#setSurface 提供新的 Surface，并为其指定新的宽度和高度。

注册回调

您的应用应注册回调，以处理用户不同意继续拍摄会话的情况。为此，请实现 Callback#onStop，并让应用释放所有相关资源（例如 VirtualDisplay 和 Surface）。

如果您的应用未注册此回调，当您的应用调用它时，MediaProjection#createVirtualDisplay 会抛出 IllegalStateException。

Updated non-SDK restrictions

Android 14 includes updated lists of restricted non-SDK interfaces based on collaboration with Android developers and the latest internal testing. Whenever possible, we make sure that public alternatives are available before we restrict non-SDK interfaces.

If your app does not target Android 14, some of these changes might not immediately affect you. However, while you can currently use some non-SDK interfaces (depending on your app's target API level), using any non-SDK method or field always carries a high risk of breaking your app.

If you are unsure if your app uses non-SDK interfaces, you can test your app to find out. If your app relies on non-SDK interfaces, you should begin planning a migration to SDK alternatives. Nevertheless, we understand that some apps have valid use cases for using non-SDK interfaces. If you cannot find an alternative to using a non-SDK interface for a feature in your app, you should request a new public API.

To learn more about the changes in this release of Android, see Updates to non-SDK interface restrictions in Android 14. To learn more about non-SDK interfaces generally, see Restrictions on non-SDK interfaces.