사용자 시작 데이터 전송

如果您需要执行可能需要很长时间的数据传输，可以创建一个 JobScheduler 作业，并将其标识为由用户发起的数据传输 (UIDT) 作业。UIDT 作业适用于由设备用户发起的持续时间较长的数据传输，例如从远程服务器下载文件。UIDT 作业是在 Android 14（API 级别 34）中引入的。

由用户发起的数据传输作业由用户启动。这些作业需要一个通知，会立即启动，并且可能在系统条件允许的情况下长时间运行。您可以同时运行多个由用户发起的数据传输作业。

必须在应用对用户可见的情况下（或在某个允许的条件下）安排由用户发起的作业。满足所有限制条件后，操作系统可以执行由用户发起的作业，具体取决于系统运行状况限制。系统还可以根据提供的估算载荷大小来确定作业的执行时长。

사용자가 시작한 데이터 전송 작업 예약

To run a user initiated data-transfer job, do the following:

1. Make sure your app has declared the JobService and associated permissions in its manifest:

   <service android:name="com.example.app.CustomTransferService"
           android:permission="android.permission.BIND_JOB_SERVICE"
           android:exported="false">
           ...
   </service>
   

   Also, define a concrete subclass of JobService for your data transfer:

   Kotlin

   class CustomTransferService : JobService() {
     ...
   }

   Java

   class CustomTransferService extends JobService() {
   
       ....
   
   }

2. Declare the RUN_USER_INITIATED_JOBS permission in the manifest:

   <manifest ...>
       <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.RUN_USER_INITIATED_JOBS" />
       <application ...>
           ...
       </application>
   </manifest>
   

3. Call the setUserInitiated() method when building a JobInfo object. (This method is available beginning with Android 14.) We also recommend that you offer a payload size estimate by calling setEstimatedNetworkBytes() while creating your job.

   Kotlin

   val networkRequestBuilder = NetworkRequest.Builder()
           // Add or remove capabilities based on your requirements.
           // For example, this code specifies that the job won't run
           // unless there's a connection to the internet (not just a local
           // network), and the connection doesn't charge per-byte.
           .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET)
           .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED)
           .build()
   
   val jobInfo = JobInfo.Builder(jobId,
                 ComponentName(mContext, CustomTransferService::class.java))
           // ...
           .setUserInitiated(true)
           .setRequiredNetwork(networkRequestBuilder)
           // Provide your estimate of the network traffic here
           .setEstimatedNetworkBytes(1024 * 1024 * 1024)
           // ...
           .build()

   Java

   NetworkRequest networkRequest = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
       // Add or remove capabilities based on your requirements.
       // For example, this code specifies that the job won't run
       // unless there's a connection to the internet (not just a local
       // network), and the connection doesn't charge per-byte.
       .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET)
       .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED)
       .build();
   
   JobInfo jobInfo = JobInfo.Builder(jobId,
           new ComponentName(mContext, CustomTransferService.class))
       // ...
       .setUserInitiated(true)
       .setRequiredNetwork(networkRequest)
       // Provide your estimate of the network traffic here
       .setEstimatedNetworkBytes(1024 * 1024 * 1024)
       // ...
       .build();

4. While the job is being executed, call setNotification() on the JobService object. Calling setNotification() makes the user aware that the job is running, both in the Task Manager and in the status bar notification area.

   When execution is complete, call jobFinished() to signal to the system that the job is complete, or that the job should be rescheduled.

   Kotlin

   class CustomTransferService: JobService() {
       private val scope = CoroutineScope(Dispatchers.IO)
   
       @RequiresApi(Build.VERSION_CODES.UPSIDE_DOWN_CAKE)
       override fun onStartJob(params: JobParameters): Boolean {
           val notification = Notification.Builder(applicationContext,
                                 NOTIFICATION_CHANNEL_ID)
               .setContentTitle("My user-initiated data transfer job")
               .setSmallIcon(android.R.mipmap.myicon)
               .setContentText("Job is running")
               .build()
   
           setNotification(params, notification.id, notification,
                   JobService.JOB_END_NOTIFICATION_POLICY_DETACH)
           // Execute the work associated with this job asynchronously.
           scope.launch {
               doDownload(params)
           }
           return true
       }
   
       private suspend fun doDownload(params: JobParameters) {
           // Run the relevant async download task, then call
           // jobFinished once the task is completed.
           jobFinished(params, false)
       }
   
       // Called when the system stops the job.
       override fun onStopJob(params: JobParameters?): Boolean {
           // Asynchronously record job-related data, such as the
           // stop reason.
           return true // or return false if job should end entirely
       }
   }

   Java

   class CustomTransferService extends JobService{
       @RequiresApi(Build.VERSION_CODES.UPSIDE_DOWN_CAKE)
       @Override
       public boolean onStartJob(JobParameters params) {
           Notification notification = Notification.Builder(getBaseContext(),
                                           NOTIFICATION_CHANNEL_ID)
                   .setContentTitle("My user-initiated data transfer job")
                   .setSmallIcon(android.R.mipmap.myicon)
                   .setContentText("Job is running")
                   .build();
   
           setNotification(params, notification.id, notification,
                             JobService.JOB_END_NOTIFICATION_POLICY_DETACH)
           // Execute the work associated with this job asynchronously.
           new Thread(() -> doDownload(params)).start();
           return true;
       }
   
       private void doDownload(JobParameters params) {
           // Run the relevant async download task, then call
           // jobFinished once the task is completed.
           jobFinished(params, false);
       }
   
       // Called when the system stops the job.
       @Override
       public boolean onStopJob(JobParameters params) {
           // Asynchronously record job-related data, such as the
           // stop reason.
           return true; // or return false if job should end entirely
       }
   }

5. Periodically update the notification to keep the user informed of the job's status and progress. If you cannot determine the transfer size ahead of scheduling the job, or need to update the estimated transfer size, use the new API, updateEstimatedNetworkBytes() to update the transfer size after it becomes known.

Recommendations

To run UIDT jobs effectively, do the following:

1. Clearly define network constraints and job execution constraints to specify when the job should be executed.

2. Execute the task asynchronously in onStartJob(); for example, you can do this by using a coroutine. If you don't run the task asynchronously, the work runs on the main thread and might block it, which can cause an ANR.

3. To avoid running the job longer than necessary, call jobFinished() when the transfer finishes, whether it succeeds or fails. That way, the job doesn't run longer than necessary. To discover why a job was stopped, implement the onStopJob() callback method and call JobParameters.getStopReason().

이전 버전과의 호환성

目前还没有支持 UIDT 作业的 Jetpack 库。因此，我们建议您使用代码来限制更改，以验证您是否在 Android 14 或更高版本上运行。在较低的 Android 版本中，您可以将 WorkManager 的前台服务实现用作回退方法。

以下是检查相应系统版本的代码示例：

fun beginTask() {
    if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT < Build.VERSION_CODES.UPSIDE_DOWN_CAKE) {
        scheduleDownloadFGSWorker(context)
    } else {
        scheduleDownloadUIDTJob(context)
    }
}

private fun scheduleDownloadUIDTJob(context: Context) {
    // build jobInfo
    val jobScheduler: JobScheduler =
        context.getSystemService(Context.JOB_SCHEDULER_SERVICE) as JobScheduler
    jobScheduler.schedule(jobInfo)
}

private fun scheduleDownloadFGSWorker(context: Context) {
    val myWorkRequest = OneTimeWorkRequest.from(DownloadWorker::class.java)
    WorkManager.getInstance(context).enqueue(myWorkRequest)
}

public void beginTask() {
    if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT < Build.VERSION_CODES.UPSIDE_DOWN_CAKE) {
        scheduleDownloadFGSWorker(context);
    } else {
        scheduleDownloadUIDTJob(context);
    }
}

private void scheduleDownloadUIDTJob(Context context) {
    // build jobInfo
    JobScheduler jobScheduler =
            (JobScheduler) context.getSystemService(Context.JOB_SCHEDULER_SERVICE);
    jobScheduler.schedule(jobInfo);
}

private void scheduleDownloadFGSWorker(Context context) {
    OneTimeWorkRequest myWorkRequest = OneTimeWorkRequest.from(DownloadWorker.class);
    WorkManager.getInstance(context).enqueue(myWorkRequest)
}

UIDT 작업 중지

사용자와 시스템 모두 사용자가 시작한 전송 작업을 중지할 수 있습니다.

작업 관리자에서 사용자에 의해

The user can stop a user-initiated data transfer job that appears in the Task Manager.

At the moment that the user presses Stop, the system does the following:

• Terminates your app's process immediately, including all other jobs or foreground services running.
• Doesn't call onStopJob() for any running jobs.
• Prevents user-visible jobs from being rescheduled.

For these reasons, it's recommended to provide controls in the notification posted for the job to allow gracefully stopping and rescheduling the job.

Note that, under special circumstances, the Stop button doesn't appear next to the job in the Task Manager, or the job isn't shown in the Task Manager at all.

시스템에 의해

일반 작업과 달리 사용자가 시작한 데이터 전송 작업은 앱 대기 버킷 할당량의 영향을 받지 않습니다. 그러나 다음 조건 중 하나가 발생하면 시스템은 여전히 작업을 중지합니다.

• 개발자가 정의한 제약 조건이 더 이상 충족되지 않습니다.
• 작업이 데이터 전송 작업을 완료하는 데 필요한 시간보다 오래 실행되었다고 시스템에서 판단합니다.
• 시스템이 시스템 상태를 우선하고 열 상태 증가로 인해 작업을 중지해야 합니다.
• 기기 메모리가 부족하여 앱 프로세스가 종료됩니다.

기기 메모리 부족 이외의 이유로 작업이 시스템에 의해 중지되면 시스템은 onStopJob()을 호출하고 최적으로 간주하는 시점에 작업을 재시도합니다. onStopJob()이 호출되지 않더라도 앱이 데이터 전송 상태를 유지할 수 있는지, onStartJob()이 다시 호출되면 앱이 이 상태를 복원할 수 있는지 확인합니다.

사용자가 시작한 데이터 전송 작업을 예약할 수 있는 조건

只有当应用处于可见窗口中或满足特定条件时，应用才能启动用户发起的数据传输作业：

• 如果应用可以从后台启动 activity，则也可以从后台启动用户发起的数据传输作业。
• 如果应用在最近用过屏幕上现有任务的返回堆栈中有 activity，单靠这一点并不允许运行用户发起的数据传输作业。

如果作业安排在未满足必要条件的时间运行，则作业将失败并返回 RESULT_FAILURE 错误代码。

사용자가 시작한 데이터 전송 작업에 허용되는 제약 조건

为了支持在最佳时间点运行的作业，Android 提供了为每种作业类型分配约束条件的功能。这些约束条件从 Android 13 开始就已经可用。

注意：下表仅比较了因作业类型而异的约束条件。如需了解所有约束条件，请参阅 JobScheduler 开发者页面或工作约束条件。

下表显示了支持给定作业约束条件的不同作业类型，以及 WorkManager 支持的作业约束条件集。您可以使用表格前的搜索栏按作业约束方法的名称过滤表格。

以下是用户发起的数据传输作业允许使用的约束条件：

• setBackoffCriteria(JobInfo.BACKOFF_POLICY_EXPONENTIAL)
• setClipData()
• setEstimatedNetworkBytes()
• setMinimumNetworkChunkBytes()
• setPersisted()
• setNamespace()
• setRequiredNetwork()
• setRequiredNetworkType()
• setRequiresBatteryNotLow()
• setRequiresCharging()
• setRequiresStorageNotLow()

테스트

The following list shows some steps on how to test your app's jobs manually:

• To get the job ID, get the value that is defined upon the job being built.

• To run a job immediately, or to retry a stopped job, run the following command in a terminal window:

  adb shell cmd jobscheduler run -f APP_PACKAGE_NAME JOB_ID

• To simulate the system force-stopping a job (due to system health or out-of-quota conditions), run the following command in a terminal window:

  adb shell cmd jobscheduler timeout TEST_APP_PACKAGE TEST_JOB_ID

참고 항목

• 백그라운드 작업 개요
• 데이터 전송 백그라운드 작업 옵션

추가 리소스

사용자 시작 데이터 전송에 관한 자세한 내용은 다음 추가 리소스를 참고하세요.

• UIDT 통합 사례 연구: Google 지도에서 사용자 시작 데이터 전송 API를 사용하여 다운로드 안정성 10% 개선