Transferencia de datos que inicia el usuario

If you need to perform a data transfer that may take a long time, you can create a JobScheduler job and identify it as a user-initiated data transfer (UIDT) job. UIDT jobs are intended for longer-duration data transfers that are initiated by the device user, such as downloading a file from a remote server. UIDT jobs were introduced with Android 14 (API level 34).

User-initiated data transfer jobs are started by the user. These jobs require a notification, start immediately, and may be able to run for an extended period of time as system conditions allow. You can run several user-initiated data transfer jobs concurrently.

User initiated jobs must be scheduled while the application is visible to the user (or in one of the allowed conditions). After all constraints are met, user initiated jobs can be executed by the OS, subject to system health restrictions. The system may also use the provided estimated payload size to determine how long the job executes.

Cómo programar tareas de transferencia de datos que inicia el usuario

To run a user initiated data-transfer job, do the following:

Make sure your app has declared the JobService and associated permissions in its manifest:

<service android:name="com.example.app.CustomTransferService"
        android:permission="android.permission.BIND_JOB_SERVICE"
        android:exported="false">
        ...
</service>

Also, define a concrete subclass of JobService for your data transfer:

Kotlin

class CustomTransferService : JobService() {
  ...
}

Java

class CustomTransferService extends JobService() {

    ....

}

Declare the RUN_USER_INITIATED_JOBS permission in the manifest:

<manifest ...>
    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.RUN_USER_INITIATED_JOBS" />
    <application ...>
        ...
    </application>
</manifest>

Call the setUserInitiated() method when building a JobInfo object. (This method is available beginning with Android 14.) We also recommend that you offer a payload size estimate by calling setEstimatedNetworkBytes() while creating your job.

Kotlin

val networkRequestBuilder = NetworkRequest.Builder()
        // Add or remove capabilities based on your requirements.
        // For example, this code specifies that the job won't run
        // unless there's a connection to the internet (not just a local
        // network), and the connection doesn't charge per-byte.
        .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET)
        .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED)
        .build()

val jobInfo = JobInfo.Builder(jobId,
              ComponentName(mContext, CustomTransferService::class.java))
        // ...
        .setUserInitiated(true)
        .setRequiredNetwork(networkRequestBuilder)
        // Provide your estimate of the network traffic here
        .setEstimatedNetworkBytes(1024 * 1024 * 1024, 1024 * 1024 * 1024)
        // ...
        .build()

Java

NetworkRequest networkRequest = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
    // Add or remove capabilities based on your requirements.
    // For example, this code specifies that the job won't run
    // unless there's a connection to the internet (not just a local
    // network), and the connection doesn't charge per-byte.
    .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET)
    .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED)
    .build();

JobInfo jobInfo = JobInfo.Builder(jobId,
        new ComponentName(mContext, CustomTransferService.class))
    // ...
    .setUserInitiated(true)
    .setRequiredNetwork(networkRequest)
    // Provide your estimate of the network traffic here
    .setEstimatedNetworkBytes(1024 * 1024 * 1024, 1024 * 1024 * 1024)
    // ...
    .build();

While the job is being executed, call setNotification() on the JobService object. Calling setNotification() makes the user aware that the job is running, both in the Task Manager and in the status bar notification area.

When execution is complete, call jobFinished() to signal to the system that the job is complete, or that the job should be rescheduled.

Kotlin

class CustomTransferService: JobService() {
    private val scope = CoroutineScope(Dispatchers.IO)

    @RequiresApi(Build.VERSION_CODES.UPSIDE_DOWN_CAKE)
    override fun onStartJob(params: JobParameters): Boolean {
        val notification = Notification.Builder(applicationContext,
                              NOTIFICATION_CHANNEL_ID)
            .setContentTitle("My user-initiated data transfer job")
            .setSmallIcon(android.R.mipmap.myicon)
            .setContentText("Job is running")
            .build()

        setNotification(params, notification.id, notification,
                JobService.JOB_END_NOTIFICATION_POLICY_DETACH)
        // Execute the work associated with this job asynchronously.
        scope.launch {
            doDownload(params)
        }
        return true
    }

    private suspend fun doDownload(params: JobParameters) {
        // Run the relevant async download task, then call
        // jobFinished once the task is completed.
        jobFinished(params, false)
    }

    // Called when the system stops the job.
    override fun onStopJob(params: JobParameters?): Boolean {
        // Asynchronously record job-related data, such as the
        // stop reason.
        return true // or return false if job should end entirely
    }
}

Java

class CustomTransferService extends JobService{
    @RequiresApi(Build.VERSION_CODES.UPSIDE_DOWN_CAKE)
    @Override
    public boolean onStartJob(JobParameters params) {
        Notification notification = Notification.Builder(getBaseContext(),
                                        NOTIFICATION_CHANNEL_ID)
                .setContentTitle("My user-initiated data transfer job")
                .setSmallIcon(android.R.mipmap.myicon)
                .setContentText("Job is running")
                .build();

        setNotification(params, notification.id, notification,
                          JobService.JOB_END_NOTIFICATION_POLICY_DETACH)
        // Execute the work associated with this job asynchronously.
        new Thread(() -> doDownload(params)).start();
        return true;
    }

    private void doDownload(JobParameters params) {
        // Run the relevant async download task, then call
        // jobFinished once the task is completed.
        jobFinished(params, false);
    }

    // Called when the system stops the job.
    @Override
    public boolean onStopJob(JobParameters params) {
        // Asynchronously record job-related data, such as the
        // stop reason.
        return true; // or return false if job should end entirely
    }
}

Periodically update the notification to keep the user informed of the job's status and progress. If you cannot determine the transfer size ahead of scheduling the job, or need to update the estimated transfer size, use the new API, updateEstimatedNetworkBytes() to update the transfer size after it becomes known.

Recommendations

To run UIDT jobs effectively, do the following:

Clearly define network constraints and job execution constraints to specify when the job should be executed.
Execute the task asynchronously in onStartJob(); for example, you can do this by using a coroutine. If you don't run the task asynchronously, the work runs on the main thread and might block it, which can cause an ANR.
To avoid running the job longer than necessary, call jobFinished() when the transfer finishes, whether it succeeds or fails. That way, the job doesn't run longer than necessary. To discover why a job was stopped, implement the onStopJob() callback method and call JobParameters.getStopReason().

Retrocompatibilidad

Actualmente, no hay ninguna biblioteca de Jetpack que admita trabajos de UIDT. Por este motivo, te recomendamos que limites el cambio con código que verifique que estás ejecutando Android 14 o versiones posteriores. En versiones anteriores de Android, puedes usar la implementación del servicio en primer plano de WorkManager como un enfoque alternativo.

Este es un ejemplo de código que verifica la versión del sistema adecuada:

Kotlin

fun beginTask() {
    if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT < Build.VERSION_CODES.UPSIDE_DOWN_CAKE) {
        scheduleDownloadFGSWorker(context)
    } else {
        scheduleDownloadUIDTJob(context)
    }
}

private fun scheduleDownloadUIDTJob(context: Context) {
    // build jobInfo
    val jobScheduler: JobScheduler =
        context.getSystemService(Context.JOB_SCHEDULER_SERVICE) as JobScheduler
    jobScheduler.schedule(jobInfo)
}

private fun scheduleDownloadFGSWorker(context: Context) {
    val myWorkRequest = OneTimeWorkRequest.from(DownloadWorker::class.java)
    WorkManager.getInstance(context).enqueue(myWorkRequest)
}

Java

public void beginTask() {
    if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT < Build.VERSION_CODES.UPSIDE_DOWN_CAKE) {
        scheduleDownloadFGSWorker(context);
    } else {
        scheduleDownloadUIDTJob(context);
    }
}

private void scheduleDownloadUIDTJob(Context context) {
    // build jobInfo
    JobScheduler jobScheduler =
            (JobScheduler) context.getSystemService(Context.JOB_SCHEDULER_SERVICE);
    jobScheduler.schedule(jobInfo);
}

private void scheduleDownloadFGSWorker(Context context) {
    OneTimeWorkRequest myWorkRequest = OneTimeWorkRequest.from(DownloadWorker.class);
    WorkManager.getInstance(context).enqueue(myWorkRequest)
}

Detén los trabajos de UIDT

Both the user and the system can stop user-initiated transfer jobs.

Por el usuario, desde el Administrador de tareas

El usuario puede detener una tarea de transferencia de datos que inicia él mismo y que aparece en el Administrador de tareas.

En el momento en que el usuario presiona Detener, el sistema hace lo siguiente:

Finaliza el proceso de tu app de inmediato, incluidos todas las demás tareas o servicios en primer plano que se ejecutan.
No llama a onStopJob() para ninguna tarea en ejecución.
Evita la reprogramación de las tareas visibles para el usuario.

Por estos motivos, te recomendamos que proporciones controles en la notificación publicada para la tarea para permitir que se detenga y se reprograme la tarea con facilidad.

Ten en cuenta que, en circunstancias especiales, el botón Detener no aparece junto a la tarea en el Administrador de tareas, o la tarea no se muestra en el Administrador en absoluto.

Por el sistema

Unlike regular jobs, user-initiated data transfer jobs are unaffected by App Standby Buckets quotas. However, the system still stops the job if any of the following conditions occur:

A developer-defined constraint is no longer met.
The system determines that the job has run for longer than necessary to complete the data transfer task.
The system needs to prioritize system health and stop jobs due to increased thermal state.
The app process is killed due to low device memory.

When the job is stopped by the system for reasons other than low device memory, the system calls onStopJob(), and the system retries the job at a time that the system deems to be optimal. Make sure that your app can persist the data transfer state even if onStopJob() isn't called, and that your app can restore this state when onStartJob() is called again.

Condiciones permitidas para programar tareas de transferencia de datos que inicia el usuario

Las apps solo pueden iniciar una tarea de transferencia de datos que inicie el usuario si estas están en la ventana visible o si se cumplen ciertas condiciones:

Si una app puede iniciar actividades en segundo plano, también puede iniciar tareas de transferencia de datos que inicie el usuario en segundo plano.
Si una app tiene una actividad en la pila de actividades de una tarea existente en la pantalla Recientes, eso solo no permite que se ejecute una tarea de transferencia de datos que inicia el usuario.

Si la tarea está programada para ejecutarse en un momento en el que no se cumplen las condiciones necesarias, la tarea falla y muestra un código de error RESULT_FAILURE.

Restricciones permitidas para las tareas de transferencia de datos que inicia el usuario

为了支持在最佳时间点运行的作业，Android 提供了为每种作业类型分配约束条件的功能。这些约束条件从 Android 13 开始就已经可用。

注意：下表仅比较了因作业类型而异的约束条件。如需了解所有约束条件，请参阅 JobScheduler 开发者页面或工作约束条件。

下表显示了支持给定作业约束条件的不同作业类型，以及 WorkManager 支持的作业约束条件集。您可以使用表格前的搜索栏按作业约束方法的名称过滤表格。

以下是用户发起的数据传输作业允许使用的约束条件：

setBackoffCriteria(JobInfo.BACKOFF_POLICY_EXPONENTIAL)
setClipData()
setEstimatedNetworkBytes()
setMinimumNetworkChunkBytes()
setPersisted()
setNamespace()
setRequiredNetwork()
setRequiredNetworkType()
setRequiresBatteryNotLow()
setRequiresCharging()
setRequiresStorageNotLow()

Prueba

下面列出了有关如何手动测试应用作业的一些步骤：

如需获取作业 ID，请获取在构建作业时定义的值。
如需立即运行作业或重试已停止的作业，请在终端窗口中运行以下命令：
```
adb shell cmd jobscheduler run -f APP_PACKAGE_NAME JOB_ID
```
如需模拟系统强行停止作业（由于系统运行状况或超出配额条件），请在终端窗口中运行以下命令：
```
adb shell cmd jobscheduler timeout TEST_APP_PACKAGE TEST_JOB_ID
```

Consulta también

Recursos adicionales

Para obtener más información sobre las transferencias de datos iniciadas por el usuario, consulta los siguientes recursos adicionales:

Caso de éxito sobre la integración de la UIDT: Google Maps mejoró la confiabilidad de las descargas en un 10% con la API de transferencia de datos iniciada por el usuario

Transferencia de datos que inicia el usuario Organiza tus páginas con colecciones Guarda y categoriza el contenido según tus preferencias.

Cómo programar tareas de transferencia de datos que inicia el usuario

Kotlin

Java

Kotlin

Java

Kotlin

Java

Recommendations

Retrocompatibilidad

Kotlin

Java

Detén los trabajos de UIDT

Por el usuario, desde el Administrador de tareas

Por el sistema

Condiciones permitidas para programar tareas de transferencia de datos que inicia el usuario

Restricciones permitidas para las tareas de transferencia de datos que inicia el usuario

Prueba

Consulta también

Recursos adicionales

Transferencia de datos que inicia el usuario