支持长时间运行的 worker

WorkManager 为长时间运行的 worker 提供内置支持。在这种情况下,WorkManager 可以向操作系统提供一个信号,指示在此项工作执行期间应尽可能让进程保持活跃状态。这些 worker 可以运行超过 10 分钟。这一新功能的示例用例包括批量上传或下载(不可分块)、在本地进行的机器学习模型处理,或者对应用的用户很重要的任务。

在后台,WorkManager 会代表您管理和运行前台服务以执行 WorkRequest,同时还会显示可配置的通知。

ListenableWorker 现在支持 setForegroundAsync() API,而 CoroutineWorker 则支持挂起 setForeground() API。这些 API 允许开发者指定此 WorkRequest 是“重要的”(从用户的角度来看)或“长时间运行的”任务。

2.3.0-alpha03 开始,WorkManager 还允许您创建 PendingIntent,此 Intent 可用于取消 worker,而不必使用 createCancelPendingIntent() API 注册新的 Android 组件。此方法与 setForegroundAsync()setForeground() API 一起使用时特别有用,可用于添加一个取消 Worker 的通知操作。

创建和管理长时间运行的 worker

使用 Kotlin 和 Java 进行编码时所用的方法稍有不同。

Kotlin

Kotlin 开发者应使用 CoroutineWorker。您可以不使用 setForegroundAsync(),而使用该方法的挂起版本 setForeground()

class DownloadWorker(context: Context, parameters: WorkerParameters) :
   CoroutineWorker(context, parameters) {

   private val notificationManager =
       context.getSystemService(Context.NOTIFICATION_SERVICE) as
               NotificationManager

   override suspend fun doWork(): Result {
       val inputUrl = inputData.getString(KEY_INPUT_URL)
                      ?: return Result.failure()
       val outputFile = inputData.getString(KEY_OUTPUT_FILE_NAME)
                      ?: return Result.failure()
       // Mark the Worker as important
       val progress = "Starting Download"
       setForeground(createForegroundInfo(progress))
       download(inputUrl, outputFile)
       return Result.success()
   }

   private fun download(inputUrl: String, outputFile: String) {
       // Downloads a file and updates bytes read
       // Calls setForeground() periodically when it needs to update
       // the ongoing Notification
   }
   // Creates an instance of ForegroundInfo which can be used to update the
   // ongoing notification.
   private fun createForegroundInfo(progress: String): ForegroundInfo {
       val id = applicationContext.getString(R.string.notification_channel_id)
       val title = applicationContext.getString(R.string.notification_title)
       val cancel = applicationContext.getString(R.string.cancel_download)
       // This PendingIntent can be used to cancel the worker
       val intent = WorkManager.getInstance(applicationContext)
               .createCancelPendingIntent(getId())

       // Create a Notification channel if necessary
       if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.O) {
           createChannel()
       }

       val notification = NotificationCompat.Builder(applicationContext, id)
           .setContentTitle(title)
           .setTicker(title)
           .setContentText(progress)
           .setSmallIcon(R.drawable.ic_work_notification)
           .setOngoing(true)
           // Add the cancel action to the notification which can
           // be used to cancel the worker
           .addAction(android.R.drawable.ic_delete, cancel, intent)
           .build()

       return ForegroundInfo(notificationId, notification)
   }

   @RequiresApi(Build.VERSION_CODES.O)
   private fun createChannel() {
       // Create a Notification channel
   }

   companion object {
       const val KEY_INPUT_URL = "KEY_INPUT_URL"
       const val KEY_OUTPUT_FILE_NAME = "KEY_OUTPUT_FILE_NAME"
   }
}

Java

使用 ListenableWorkerWorker 的开发者可以调用 setForegroundAsync() API,该 API 会返回 ListenableFuture<Void>。您还可以调用 setForegroundAsync() 以更新持续运行的 Notification

下面是一个简单的示例,说明了一个下载文件的长时间运行 worker。此 worker 会跟踪进度,以更新持续显示下载进度的 Notification

public class DownloadWorker extends Worker {
   private static final String KEY_INPUT_URL = "KEY_INPUT_URL";
   private static final String KEY_OUTPUT_FILE_NAME = "KEY_OUTPUT_FILE_NAME";

   private NotificationManager notificationManager;

   public DownloadWorker(
       @NonNull Context context,
       @NonNull WorkerParameters parameters) {
           super(context, parameters);
           notificationManager = (NotificationManager)
               context.getSystemService(NOTIFICATION_SERVICE);
   }

   @NonNull
   @Override
   public Result doWork() {
       Data inputData = getInputData();
       String inputUrl = inputData.getString(KEY_INPUT_URL);
       String outputFile = inputData.getString(KEY_OUTPUT_FILE_NAME);
       // Mark the Worker as important
       String progress = "Starting Download";
       setForegroundAsync(createForegroundInfo(progress));
       download(inputUrl, outputFile);
       return Result.success();
   }

   private void download(String inputUrl, String outputFile) {
       // Downloads a file and updates bytes read
       // Calls setForegroundAsync(createForegroundInfo(myProgress))
       // periodically when it needs to update the ongoing Notification.
   }

   @NonNull
   private ForegroundInfo createForegroundInfo(@NonNull String progress) {
       // Build a notification using bytesRead and contentLength

       Context context = getApplicationContext();
       String id = context.getString(R.string.notification_channel_id);
       String title = context.getString(R.string.notification_title);
       String cancel = context.getString(R.string.cancel_download);
       // This PendingIntent can be used to cancel the worker
       PendingIntent intent = WorkManager.getInstance(context)
               .createCancelPendingIntent(getId());

       if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.O) {
           createChannel();
       }

       Notification notification = new NotificationCompat.Builder(context, id)
               .setContentTitle(title)
               .setTicker(title)
               .setSmallIcon(R.drawable.ic_work_notification)
               .setOngoing(true)
               // Add the cancel action to the notification which can
               // be used to cancel the worker
               .addAction(android.R.drawable.ic_delete, cancel, intent)
               .build();

       return new ForegroundInfo(notificationId, notification);
   }

   @RequiresApi(Build.VERSION_CODES.O)
   private void createChannel() {
       // Create a Notification channel
   }
}

将前台服务类型添加到长时间运行的 worker

如果您的应用以 Android 14(API 级别 34)或更高版本为目标平台,您必须为所有长时间运行的 worker 指定前台服务类型。如果您的应用以 Android 10(API 级别 29)或更高版本为目标平台,并且包含需要位置信息访问权限的长时间运行的 worker,请指明该 worker 使用前台服务类型 location

如果您的应用以 Android 11(API 级别 30)或更高版本为目标平台,并且包含需要访问摄像头或麦克风的长时间运行的 worker,请分别声明 cameramicrophone 前台服务类型。

如需添加这些前台服务类型,请完成以下各部分中介绍的步骤。

在应用清单中声明前台服务类型

在应用的清单中声明 worker 的前台服务类型。在以下示例中,worker 需要位置信息和麦克风访问权限:

AndroidManifest.xml

<service
   android:name="androidx.work.impl.foreground.SystemForegroundService"
   android:foregroundServiceType="location|microphone"
   tools:node="merge" />

在运行时指定前台服务类型

调用 setForeground()setForegroundAsync() 时,请务必指定前台服务类型

MyLocationAndMicrophoneWorker

Kotlin

private fun createForegroundInfo(progress: String): ForegroundInfo {
   // ...
   return ForegroundInfo(NOTIFICATION_ID, notification,
           FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_LOCATION or
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_MICROPHONE) }

Java

@NonNull
private ForegroundInfo createForegroundInfo(@NonNull String progress) {
   // Build a notification...
   Notification notification = ...;
   return new ForegroundInfo(NOTIFICATION_ID, notification,
           FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_LOCATION | FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_MICROPHONE);
}