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Os tipos de serviço em primeiro plano são obrigatórios

为了帮助开发者更有目的地定义面向用户的前台服务，Android 10 在 <service> 元素内引入了 android:foregroundServiceType 属性。

如果您的应用以 Android 14 为目标平台，则必须指定适当的前台服务类型。与以前的 Android 版本一样，可组合使用多个类型。下面列出了可供选择的前台服务类型：

如果应用中的用例与这些类型均不相关，强烈建议您迁移逻辑以使用 WorkManager 或用户发起的数据传输作业。

Android 14 中新增了 health, remoteMessaging, shortService, specialUse 和 systemExempted 类型。

以下代码段提供了一个清单中的前台服务类型声明示例：

<manifest ...>
  <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.FOREGROUND_SERVICE" />
  <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.FOREGROUND_SERVICE_MEDIA_PLAYBACK" />
    <application ...>
      <service
          android:name=".MyMediaPlaybackService"
          android:foregroundServiceType="mediaPlayback"
          android:exported="false">
      </service>
    </application>
</manifest>

如果以 Android 14 为目标平台的应用未在清单中定义给定服务的类型，系统会在调用 startForeground() 时引发 MissingForegroundServiceTypeException。

Declarar nova permissão para usar tipos de serviço em primeiro plano

If apps that target Android 14 use a foreground service, they must declare a specific permission, based on the foreground service type, that Android 14 introduces. These permissions appear in the sections labeled "permission that you must declare in your manifest file" in the intended use cases and enforcement for each foreground service type section on this page.

All of the permissions are defined as normal permissions and are granted by default. Users cannot revoke these permissions.

Incluir tipo de serviço em primeiro plano no momento da execução

对于启动前台服务的应用，最佳实践是使用 startForeground() 的 ServiceCompat 版本（在 androidx-core 1.12 及更高版本中提供），并在其中传入前台服务类型的按位整数。您可以选择传递一个或多个类型值。

通常，您应仅声明特定用例所需的类型。这样可以更轻松地满足系统对每种前台服务类型的预期。如果某项前台服务以多种类型启动，则该前台服务必须遵守所有类型的平台强制执行要求。

ServiceCompat.startForeground(0, notification, FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_LOCATION)

如果在调用中未指定前台服务类型，则类型默认为清单中定义的值。如果您未在清单中指定服务类型，系统会抛出 MissingForegroundServiceTypeException。

如果前台服务在启动后需要新权限，您应再次调用 startForeground() 并添加新的服务类型。例如，假设一款健身应用运行一项始终需要 location 信息但可能不需要 media 权限的跑步跟踪器服务。您需要在清单中同时声明 location 和 mediaPlayback。如果用户开始跑步，只希望跟踪其位置信息，您的应用应调用 startForeground()，并仅传递 location 服务类型。然后，如果用户想开始播放音频，请再次调用 startForeground() 并传递 location|mediaPlayback。

Verificações do momento de execução no sistema

The system checks for proper use of foreground service types and confirms that the app has requested the proper runtime permissions or uses the required APIs. For instance, the system expects apps that use the foreground service type FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_LOCATION type to request either ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION or ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION.

This implies that apps must follow a very specific order of operations when requesting permissions from the user and starting foreground services. Permissions must be requested and granted before the app attempts to call startForeground(). Apps that request the appropriate permissions after the foreground service has been started must change this order of operations and request the permission before starting the foreground service.

The specifics of platform enforcement appear in the sections labeled "runtime requirements" in the intended use cases and enforcement for each foreground service type section on this page.

Casos de uso pretendidos e aplicação de cada tipo de serviço em primeiro plano

In order to use a given foreground service type, you must declare a particular permission in your manifest file, you must fulfill specific runtime requirements, and your app must fulfill one of the intended sets of use cases for that type. The following sections explain the permission that you must declare, the runtime prerequisites, and the intended use cases for each type.

Câmera

Foreground service type to declare in manifest under android:foregroundServiceType

camera

Permission to declare in your manifest

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_CAMERA

Constant to pass to startForeground()

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_CAMERA

Runtime prerequisites

Request and be granted the CAMERA runtime permission

Note: The CAMERA runtime permission is subject to while-in-use restrictions. For this reason, you cannot create a camera foreground service while your app is in the background, with a few exceptions. For more information, see Restrictions on starting foreground services that need while-in-use permissions.

Description

Continue to access the camera from the background, such as video chat apps that allow for multitasking.

Dispositivo conectado

Foreground service type to declare in manifest under

android:foregroundServiceType

connectedDevice

Permission to declare in your manifest

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_CONNECTED_DEVICE

Constant to pass to startForeground()

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_CONNECTED_DEVICE

Runtime prerequisites

At least one of the following conditions must be true:

Declare at least one of the following permissions in your manifest:
Request and be granted at least one of the following runtime permissions:
Call UsbManager.requestPermission()

Description

Interactions with external devices that require a Bluetooth, NFC, IR, USB, or network connection.

Alternatives

If your app needs to do continuous data transfer to an external device, consider using the companion device manager instead. Use the companion device presence API to help your app stay running while the companion device is in range.

If your app needs to scan for bluetooth devices, consider using the Bluetooth scan API instead.

Sincronização de dados

Foreground service type to declare in manifest under

android:foregroundServiceType

dataSync

Permission to declare in your manifest

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_DATA_SYNC

Constant to pass to startForeground()

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_DATA_SYNC

Runtime prerequisites

None

Description

Data transfer operations, such as the following:

Data upload or download
Backup-and-restore operations
Import or export operations
Fetch data
Local file processing
Transfer data between a device and the cloud over a network

Alternatives

See Alternatives to data sync foreground services for detailed information.

Saúde

要在清单中的以下位置声明的前台服务类型

android:foregroundServiceType

health

在清单中声明的权限

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_HEALTH

要传递给 startForeground() 的常量

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_HEALTH

运行时前提条件

必须至少满足以下其中一个条件：

在清单中声明 HIGH_SAMPLING_RATE_SENSORS 权限。
至少请求并被授予以下其中一项运行时权限：
- 在 API 级别 35 及更低级别上使用 BODY_SENSORS
- READ_HEART_RATE
- READ_SKIN_TEMPERATURE
- READ_OXYGEN_SATURATION
- ACTIVITY_RECOGNITION

注意：BODY_SENSORS 和基于传感器的读取运行时权限受“在使用时”限制。因此，除非您已获得 BODY_SENSORS_BACKGROUND（API 级别 33 到 35）或 READ_HEALTH_DATA_IN_BACKGROUND（API 级别 36 及更高级别）权限，否则您无法创建在应用处于后台运行时使用身体传感器的 health 前台服务。如需了解详情，请参阅与启动需要使用时权限的前台服务相关的限制。

说明

为健身类别的应用（例如锻炼追踪器）提供支持的所有长时间运行的用例。

Local

Foreground service type to declare in manifest under

android:foregroundServiceType

location

Permission to declare in your manifest

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_LOCATION

Constant to pass to startForeground()

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_LOCATION

Runtime prerequisites

The user must have enabled location services and the app must be granted at least one of the following runtime permissions:

Note: In order to check that the user has enabled location services as well as granted access to the runtime permissions, use PermissionChecker#checkSelfPermission()

Note: The location runtime permissions are subject to while-in-use restrictions. For this reason, you cannot create a location foreground service while your app is in the background, unless you've been granted the ACCESS_BACKGROUND_LOCATION runtime permission. For more information, see Restrictions on starting foreground services that need while-in-use permissions.

Description

Long-running use cases that require location access, such as navigation and location sharing.

Alternatives

If your app needs to be triggered when the user reaches specific locations, consider using the geofence API instead.

Mídia

Foreground service type to declare in manifest under
android:foregroundServiceType: mediaPlayback
Permission to declare in your manifest: FOREGROUND_SERVICE_MEDIA_PLAYBACK
Constant to pass to startForeground(): FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_MEDIA_PLAYBACK
Runtime prerequisites: None
Description: Continue audio or video playback from the background. Support Digital Video Recording (DVR) functionality on Android TV.
Alternatives: If you're showing picture-in-picture video, use Picture-in-Picture mode.

Projeção de mídia

要在清单中的以下位置声明的前台服务类型
android:foregroundServiceType: mediaProjection
在清单中声明的权限: FOREGROUND_SERVICE_MEDIA_PROJECTION
要传递给 startForeground() 的常量: FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_MEDIA_PROJECTION
运行时前提条件: 在启动前台服务之前调用 createScreenCaptureIntent() 方法。这样做会向用户显示权限通知；用户必须先授予权限，您才能创建服务。; 创建前台服务后，您可以调用 MediaProjectionManager.getMediaProjection()。
说明: 使用 MediaProjection API 将内容投影到非主要显示屏或外部设备。这些内容不必全都为媒体内容。
替代方案: 如需将媒体流式传输到其他设备，请使用 Google Cast SDK。

Microfone

Foreground service type to declare in manifest under

android:foregroundServiceType

microphone

Permission to declare in your manifest

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_MICROPHONE

Constant to pass to startForeground()

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_MICROPHONE

Runtime prerequisites

Request and be granted the RECORD_AUDIO runtime permission.

Note: The RECORD_AUDIO runtime permission is subject to while-in-use restrictions. For this reason, you cannot create a microphone foreground service while your app is in the background, with a few exceptions. For more information, see Restrictions on starting foreground services that need while-in-use permissions.

Description

Continue microphone capture from the background, such as voice recorders or communication apps.

Ligação telefônica

Foreground service type to declare in manifest under

android:foregroundServiceType

phoneCall

Permission to declare in your manifest

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_PHONE_CALL

Constant to pass to startForeground()

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_PHONE_CALL

Runtime prerequisites

At least one of these conditions must be true:

App has declared the MANAGE_OWN_CALLS permission in its manifest file.

App is the default dialer app through the ROLE_DIALER role.

Description

Continue an ongoing call using the ConnectionService APIs.

Alternatives

If you need to make phone, video, or VoIP calls, consider using the android.telecom library.

Consider using CallScreeningService to screen calls.

Mensagens remotas

Foreground service type to declare in manifest under
android:foregroundServiceType: remoteMessaging
Permission to declare in your manifest: FOREGROUND_SERVICE_REMOTE_MESSAGING
Constant to pass to startForeground(): FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_REMOTE_MESSAGING
Runtime prerequisites: None
Description: Transfer text messages from one device to another. Assists with continuity of a user's messaging tasks when they switch devices.

Serviço curto

Foreground service type to declare in manifest under

android:foregroundServiceType

shortService

Permission to declare in your manifest

None

Constant to pass to startForeground()

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_SHORT_SERVICE

Runtime prerequisites

None

Description

Quickly finish critical work that cannot be interrupted or postponed.

This type has some unique characteristics:

Can only run for a short period of time (about 3 minutes).
No support for sticky foreground services.
Cannot start other foreground services.
Doesn't require a type-specific permission, though it still requires the FOREGROUND_SERVICE permission.
A shortService can only change to another service type if the app is currently eligible to start a new foreground service.
A foreground service can change its type to shortService at any time, at which point the timeout period begins.

The timeout for shortService begins from the moment that Service.startForeground() is called. The app is expected to call Service.stopSelf() or Service.stopForeground() before the timeout occurs. Otherwise, the new Service.onTimeout() is called, giving apps a brief opportunity to call stopSelf() or stopForeground() to stop their service.

A short time after Service.onTimeout() is called, the app enters a cached state and is no longer considered to be in the foreground, unless the user is actively interacting with the app. A short time after the app is cached and the service has not stopped, the app receives an ANR. The ANR message mentions FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_SHORT_SERVICE. For these reasons, it's considered best practice to implement the Service.onTimeout() callback.

The Service.onTimeout() callback doesn't exist on Android 13 and lower. If the same service runs on such devices, it doesn't receive a timeout, nor does it ANR. Make sure that your service stops as soon as it finishes the processing task, even if it hasn't received the Service.onTimeout() callback yet.

It's important to note that if the timeout of the shortService is not respected, the app will ANR even if it has other valid foreground services or other app lifecycle processes running.

If an app is visible to the user or satisfies one of the exemptions that allow foreground services to be started from the background, calling Service.StartForeground() again with the FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_SHORT_SERVICE parameter extends the timeout by another 3 minutes. If the app isn't visible to the user and doesn't satisfy one of the exemptions, any attempt to start another foreground service, regardless of type, causes a ForegroundServiceStartNotAllowedException.

If a user disables battery optimization for your app, it's still affected by the timeout of shortService FGS.

If you start a foreground service that includes the shortService type and another foreground service type, the system ignores the shortService type declaration. However, the service must still adhere to the prerequisites of the other declared types. For more information, see the Foreground services documentation.

Uso especial

Foreground service type to declare in manifest under

android:foregroundServiceType

specialUse

Permission to declare in your manifest

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_SPECIAL_USE

Constant to pass to startForeground()

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_SPECIAL_USE

Runtime prerequisites

None

Description

Covers any valid foreground service use cases that aren't covered by the other foreground service types.

In addition to declaring the FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_SPECIAL_USE foreground service type, developers should declare use cases in the manifest. To do so, they specify the <property> element within the <service> element. These values and corresponding use cases are reviewed when you submit your app in the Google Play Console. The use cases you provide are free-form, and you should make sure to provide enough information to let the reviewer see why you need to use the specialUse type.

<service android:name="fooService" android:foregroundServiceType="specialUse">
  <property android:name="android.app.PROPERTY_SPECIAL_USE_FGS_SUBTYPE"
      android:value="explanation_for_special_use"/>
</service>

Sistema isento

Foreground service type to declare in manifest under

android:foregroundServiceType

systemExempted

Permission to declare in your manifest

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_SYSTEM_EXEMPTED

Constant to pass to startForeground()

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_SYSTEM_EXEMPTED

Runtime prerequisites

None

Description

Reserved for system applications and specific system integrations, to continue to use foreground services.

To use this type, an app must meet at least one of the following criteria:

Device is in demo mode state
App is a Device Owner
App is a Profiler Owner
Safety Apps that have the ROLE_EMERGENCY role
Device Admin apps
Apps holding SCHEDULE_EXACT_ALARM or USE_EXACT_ALARM permission and are using Foreground Service to continue alarms in the background, including haptics-only alarms.
VPN apps (configured using Settings > Network & Internet > VPN)

Otherwise, declaring this type causes the system to throw a ForegroundServiceTypeNotAllowedException.

Aplicação da política do Google Play para uso de tipos de serviço em primeiro plano

Se o app for direcionado ao Android 14 ou versões mais recentes, será necessário declarar os tipos de serviço em primeiro plano na página "Conteúdo do app" do Play Console (Política > Conteúdo do app). Para mais informações sobre como declarar seus tipos de serviço em primeiro plano no Play Console, consulte Saiba mais sobre o serviço em primeiro plano e os requisitos de intent para tela cheia.

Os tipos de serviço em primeiro plano são obrigatórios Mantenha tudo organizado com as coleções Salve e categorize o conteúdo com base nas suas preferências.

Declarar nova permissão para usar tipos de serviço em primeiro plano

Incluir tipo de serviço em primeiro plano no momento da execução

Verificações do momento de execução no sistema

Casos de uso pretendidos e aplicação de cada tipo de serviço em primeiro plano

Câmera

Dispositivo conectado

Sincronização de dados

Saúde

Local

Mídia

Projeção de mídia

Microfone

Ligação telefônica

Mensagens remotas

Serviço curto

Uso especial

Sistema isento

Aplicação da política do Google Play para uso de tipos de serviço em primeiro plano

Os tipos de serviço em primeiro plano são obrigatórios