Özelliklere ve API'lere Genel Bakış

Android 14, geliştiricilere harika özellikler ve API'ler sunuyor. Aşağıdaki bilgiler, uygulamalarınızın özellikleri hakkında bilgi edinmenize ve ilgili API'leri kullanmaya başlamanıza yardımcı olur.

Eklenen, değiştirilen ve kaldırılan API'lerin ayrıntılı listesi için API karşılaştırma raporunu okuyun. Eklenen API'ler hakkında ayrıntılı bilgi için Android API referansı sayfasını ziyaret edin. Android 14 için API düzeyi 34'te eklenen API'leri arayın. Platform değişikliklerinin uygulamalarınızı etkileyebileceği alanlar hakkında bilgi edinmek isterseniz Android 14'ü hedefleyen uygulamalar ve tüm uygulamalar için Android 14 davranış değişikliklerini inceleyin.

Uluslararası hale getirme

Uygulamaya özgü dil tercihleri

Android 14 expands on the per-app language features that were introduced in Android 13 (API level 33) with these additional capabilities:

  • Automatically generate an app's localeConfig: Starting with Android Studio Giraffe Canary 7 and AGP 8.1.0-alpha07, you can configure your app to support per-app language preferences automatically. Based on your project resources, the Android Gradle plugin generates the LocaleConfig file and adds a reference to it in the final manifest file, so you no longer have to create or update the file manually. AGP uses the resources in the res folders of your app modules and any library module dependencies to determine the locales to include in the LocaleConfig file.

  • Dynamic updates for an app's localeConfig: Use the setOverrideLocaleConfig() and getOverrideLocaleConfig() methods in LocaleManager to dynamically update your app's list of supported languages in the device's system settings. Use this flexibility to customize the list of supported languages per region, run A/B experiments, or provide an updated list of locales if your app utilizes server-side pushes for localization.

  • App language visibility for input method editors (IMEs): IMEs can utilize the getApplicationLocales() method to check the language of the current app and match the IME language to that language.

Grammatal Inflection API'si

有 30 亿人在使用区分性别的语言,此类语言的语法类别(例如名词、动词、形容词和介词)会根据您交谈所涉及的人或物的性别而变化。传统上,许多区分性别的语言使用阳性语法性别作为默认或通用性别。

以错误的语法性别来称呼用户,例如以阳性语法性别来称呼女性,可能会对她们的表现和态度产生负面影响。相比之下,界面语言如果能正确反映用户的语法性别,就可以提高用户互动度,并提供更个性化、更自然的用户体验。

Android 14, cinsiyet belirten dillere yönelik kullanıcı merkezli bir kullanıcı arayüzü oluşturmanıza yardımcı olmak amacıyla uygulamanızı yeniden düzenlemeye gerek kalmadan dil bilgisi için cinsiyet desteği eklemenize olanak tanıyan Grammatical Inffaction API'yi kullanıma sunar.

Bölgeye özgü tercihler

用户可通过地区偏好设置对温度单位、一周的第一天和编号系统进行个性化设置。居住在美国的欧洲用户可能更希望使用摄氏度,而不是华氏度,并且希望应用将星期一视为一周的开始,而不是像美国那样默认从星期日开始。

新 Android 设置菜单包含这些偏好设置,使用户能够在一个位置集中发现这些应用更改偏好设置。这些偏好设置在备份和恢复设备后也会保持不变。多个 API 和 intent(例如 getTemperatureUnitgetFirstDayOfWeek)会为您的应用授予读取权限来访问用户偏好设置,因此您的应用可以调整其显示信息的方式。您还可以在 ACTION_LOCALE_CHANGED 上注册 BroadcastReceiver,以便在地区偏好设置发生更改时处理语言区域配置更改。

如需找到这些设置,请打开“设置”应用,然后依次前往系统 > 语言和输入法 > 地区偏好设置

Android 系统设置中的地区偏好设置界面。
Android 系统中地区偏好设置的温度选项 设置。

Erişilebilirlik

%200'e kadar doğrusal olmayan yazı tipi ölçeklendirme

Starting in Android 14, the system supports font scaling up to 200%, providing low-vision users with additional accessibility options that align with Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG).

To prevent large text elements on screen from scaling too large, the system applies a nonlinear scaling curve. This scaling strategy means that large text doesn't scale at the same rate as smaller text. Nonlinear font scaling helps preserve the proportional hierarchy between elements of different sizes while mitigating issues with linear text scaling at high degrees (such as text being cut off or text that becomes harder to read due to an extremely large display sizes).

Test your app with nonlinear font scaling

Enable the maximum font size in a device's accessibility settings to test your app.

If you already use scaled pixels (sp) units to define text sizing, then these additional options and scaling improvements are applied automatically to the text in your app. However, you should still perform UI testing with the maximum font size enabled (200%) to ensure that your app applies the font sizes correctly and can accommodate larger font sizes without impacting usability.

To enable 200% font size, follow these steps:

  1. Open the Settings app and navigate to Accessibility > Display size and text.
  2. For the Font size option, tap the plus (+) icon until the maximum font size setting is enabled, as shown in the image that accompanies this section.

Use scaled pixel (sp) units for text-sizes

Remember to always specify text sizes in sp units. When your app uses sp units, Android can apply the user's preferred text size and scale it appropriately.

Don't use sp units for padding or define view heights assuming implicit padding: with nonlinear font scaling sp dimensions might not be proportional, so 4sp + 20sp might not equal 24sp.

Convert scaled pixel (sp) units

Use TypedValue.applyDimension() to convert from sp units to pixels, and use TypedValue.deriveDimension() to convert pixels to sp. These methods apply the appropriate nonlinear scaling curve automatically.

Avoid hardcoding equations using Configuration.fontScale or DisplayMetrics.scaledDensity. Because font scaling is nonlinear, the scaledDensity field is no longer accurate. The fontScale field should be used for informational purposes only because fonts are no longer scaled with a single scalar value.

Use sp units for lineHeight

Always define android:lineHeight using sp units instead of dp, so the line height scales along with your text. Otherwise, if your text is sp but your lineHeight is in dp or px, it doesn't scale and looks cramped. TextView automatically corrects the lineHeight so that your intended proportions are preserved, but only if both textSize and lineHeight are defined in sp units.

Kamera ve medya içerikleri

Resimler için Ultra HDR

标准动态范围 (SDR) 与高动态范围 (HDR) 图片质量的示意图。

Android 14 增加了对高动态范围 (HDR) 图片的支持,此类图片可在拍照时保留来自传感器的更多信息,从而实现鲜艳的色彩和更高的对比度。Android 采用 Ultra HDR 格式,这种格式可完全向后兼容 JPEG 图片,允许应用与 HDR 图片无缝互操作,从而根据需要以标准动态范围 (SDR) 显示图片。

当您的应用为其 Activity 窗口选择使用 HDR 界面(通过清单条目或在运行时通过调用 Window.setColorMode())时,框架会自动在 HDR 界面中呈现这些图片。您还可以在支持的设备上拍摄压缩的 Ultra HDR 静态图片。从传感器中恢复的颜色越多,博文中的编辑效果就越灵活。与 Ultra HDR 图片关联的 Gainmap 可用于使用 OpenGL 或 Vulkan 渲染这些图片。

Kamera uzantılarında Yakınlaştırma, Odaklanma, Postview ve daha fazlası

Android 14 升级并改进了相机扩展,使应用能够处理更长的处理时间,从而支持在受支持的设备上使用弱光摄影等计算密集型算法来改进图像。在使用相机扩展功能时,这些功能可让用户获得更可靠的体验。这些改进的示例包括:

Sensör içi yakınlaştırma

CameraCharacteristics 中的 REQUEST_AVAILABLE_CAPABILITIES_STREAM_USE_CASE 包含 SCALER_AVAILABLE_STREAM_USE_CASES_CROPPED_RAW 时,您的应用可以使用高级传感器功能,通过使用 CaptureRequest 以及数据流用例设置为 CameraMetadata.SCALER_AVAILABLE_STREAM_USE_CASES_CROPPED_RAW 的 RAW 目标,为剪裁后的 RAW 数据流提供与完整视野相同的像素。通过实现请求替换控件,更新后的摄像头让用户可在其他摄像头控件准备就绪之前实现缩放控制。

USB'de kayıpsız ses

Android 14 开始支持无损音频格式,通过 USB 有线耳机提供发烧级体验。您可以查询 USB 设备的首选混音器属性,注册监听器以监听首选混音器属性的变化,并使用 AudioMixerAttributes 类配置混音器属性。此类表示格式,例如声道掩码、采样率和混音器行为。该类允许直接发送音频,而不进行混音、音量调整或处理效果。

Geliştirici verimliliği ve araçları

Kimlik Bilgisi Yöneticisi

Android 14 添加了 Credential Manager 作为平台 API,并通过使用 Google Play 服务的 Jetpack 库为 Android 4.4(API 级别 19)设备提供了额外的支持。凭据管理器旨在使用 API 通过用户配置的凭据提供程序检索和存储凭据,让用户更轻松地登录。凭据管理器在一个 API 中支持多种登录方法,包括用户名和密码、通行密钥和联合登录解决方案(如“使用 Google 账号登录”)。

通行密钥具有许多优势。例如,通行密钥基于业界标准构建,可在不同的操作系统和浏览器生态系统中使用,还可用于网站和应用。

如需了解详情,请参阅凭据管理器和通行密钥文档以及关于 Credential Manager 和通行密钥的博文

Health Connect

Health Connect 是设备端用户健康与健身数据的存储区。它 让用户可以在喜爱的应用之间共享数据 控制他们要与这些应用分享哪些数据

在搭载 Android 14 之前版本的 Android 设备上,Health Connect 会 可在 Google Play 商店中以应用的形式下载。从 Android 14 开始,Health Connect 将成为 Android 平台的一部分,并通过 Google Play 系统更新接收更新,而无需单独下载。这样,健康 Connect 可能会经常更新,并且您的应用可以依赖于 Health Connect 在搭载 Android 14 或更高版本的设备上可用。用户可以访问“健康”应用 通过设备中的“设置”连接,以及集成到 与系统设置有关

用户无需单独的 在搭载 Android 14 或更高版本的设备上下载应用。
用户可以通过系统设置控制哪些应用可以访问其健康与健身数据。

Health Connect 包含 Android 14 中的多项新功能,例如锻炼 路线,让用户能够分享锻炼路线,并且路线直观 。路线定义为在一定时间范围内保存的位置列表,您的应用可以将路线插入锻炼时段,将它们关联起来。为确保用户可以完全控制这些敏感数据, 用户必须允许与其他应用分享具体路线。

有关详情,请参阅 Health Connection 文档以及关于 Android Health 的新变化

OpenJDK 17 güncellemeleri

Android 14 将继续更新 Android 的核心库,以与最新 OpenJDK LTS 版本中的功能保持一致,包括适合应用和平台开发者的库更新和 Java 17 语言支持。

其中包含以下功能和改进:

  • 将大约 300 个 java.base 类更新为支持 Java 17。
  • 文本块 - 为 Java 编程语言引入了多行字符串字面量。
  • instanceof 模式匹配:可让对象在 instanceof 中被视为具有特定类型,而无需任何额外的变量。
  • 密封类:允许您限制哪些类和接口可以扩展或实现它们。

得益于 Google Play 系统更新 (Project Mainline),6 亿多台设备能够接收包含这些更改的最新 Android 运行时 (ART) 更新。我们致力于为应用提供更加一致、安全的跨设备环境,并为用户提供独立于平台版本的新功能。

Java 和 OpenJDK 是 Oracle 及/或其关联公司的商标或注册商标。

Uygulama mağazaları için iyileştirmeler

Android 14 introduces several PackageInstaller APIs that allow app stores to improve their user experience.

Request install approval before downloading

Installing or updating an app might require user approval. For example, when an installer making use of the REQUEST_INSTALL_PACKAGES permission attempts to install a new app. In prior Android versions, app stores can only request user approval after APKs are written to the install session and the session is committed.

Starting with Android 14, the requestUserPreapproval() method lets installers request user approval before committing the install session. This improvement lets an app store defer downloading any APKs until after the installation has been approved by the user. Furthermore, once a user has approved installation, the app store can download and install the app in the background without interrupting the user.

Claim responsibility for future updates

The setRequestUpdateOwnership() method allows an installer to indicate to the system that it intends to be responsible for future updates to an app it is installing. This capability enables update ownership enforcement, meaning that only the update owner is permitted to install automatic updates to the app. Update ownership enforcement helps to ensure that users receive updates only from the expected app store.

Any other installer, including those making use of the INSTALL_PACKAGES permission, must receive explicit user approval in order to install an update. If a user decides to proceed with an update from another source, update ownership is lost.

Update apps at less-disruptive times

App stores typically want to avoid updating an app that is actively in use because this leads to the app's running processes being killed, which potentially interrupts what the user was doing.

Starting with Android 14, the InstallConstraints API gives installers a way to ensure that their app updates happen at an opportune moment. For example, an app store can call the commitSessionAfterInstallConstraintsAreMet() method to make sure that an update is only committed when the user is no longer interacting with the app in question.

Seamlessly install optional splits

With split APKs, features of an app can be delivered in separate APK files, rather than as a monolithic APK. Split APKs allow app stores to optimize the delivery of different app components. For example, app stores might optimize based on the properties of the target device. The PackageInstaller API has supported splits since its introduction in API level 22.

In Android 14, the setDontKillApp() method allows an installer to indicate that the app's running processes shouldn't be killed when new splits are installed. App stores can use this feature to seamlessly install new features of an app while the user is using the app.

Uygulama meta veri paketleri

从 Android 14 开始,Android 软件包安装程序可让您指定应用元数据(例如数据安全做法),以将其添加到 Google Play 等应用商店页面。

Kullanıcıların cihaz ekran görüntüsü almasını algılama

为了打造更加标准化的屏幕截图检测体验,Android 14 引入了可保护隐私的屏幕截图检测 API。借助此 API,应用可以按 activity 注册回调。如果用户在该 activity 可见时截取屏幕截图,系统会调用这些回调并通知用户。

Kullanıcı deneyimi

Paylaşım sayfası özel işlemleri ve geliştirilmiş sıralama

Android 14 更新了系统 Sharesheet,以便为用户提供自定义应用操作和信息更丰富的预览结果。

添加自定义操作

借助 Android 14,您的应用可以 向其调用的系统 Sharesheet 添加自定义操作

分享表格中自定义操作的屏幕截图。

提高直接共享目标的排名

Android 14 根据来自应用的更多信号来确定直接 分享目标,以便为用户提供更实用的结果。 若要提供最有用的排名信号,请遵循 提高直接共享目标的排名。 通信应用还可以报告以下内容的快捷方式使用情况: 外发和传入的邮件

Sharesheet 中的“Direct Share”行,如 1

Tahmine dayalı geri hareketi için yerleşik ve özel animasyon desteği

视频:预测性返回动画

Android 13 在开发者选项背后引入了预测性“返回主屏幕”动画。在已启用开发者选项的受支持应用中使用时,滑回手势会显示动画,表明返回手势会使应用退回到主屏幕。

Android 14 包含针对“预测性返回”的多项改进和新指南:

在此 Android 14 预览版中,所有预测性返回功能都是位于开发者选项背后。请参阅与将您的应用迁移到预测性返回有关的开发者指南,以及与创建自定义应用内转换有关的开发者指南

Uygulama başına büyük ekran cihaz üreticisi geçersiz kılma işlemleri

借助按应用替换项,设备制造商可以更改应用在大屏设备上的行为。例如,FORCE_RESIZE_APP 替换项会指示系统调整应用大小以适应显示屏尺寸(避免进入尺寸兼容模式),即使在应用清单中设置了 resizeableActivity="false" 也是如此。

替换项旨在改善大屏设备上的用户体验。

借助新的清单属性,您可以为应用停用某些设备制造商替换项。

Uygulama başına büyük ekran kullanıcısı geçersiz kılma

按应用替换会更改大屏设备上应用的行为。例如,无论应用的配置如何,OVERRIDE_MIN_ASPECT_RATIO_LARGE 设备制造商替换项都会将应用宽高比设置为 16:9。

Android 14 QPR1 允许用户在大屏设备上通过新的设置菜单应用按应用替换项。

Uygulama ekran paylaşımı

应用屏幕共享功能让用户能够在录制屏幕内容期间共享应用窗口,而非整个设备屏幕。

使用应用屏幕共享时,状态栏、导航栏、通知和其他系统界面元素会从共享显示屏中排除。系统只会分享所选应用的内容。

应用屏幕共享可让用户运行多个应用,但仅限单个应用共享内容,从而提高效率和隐私性。

Pixel 8 Pro'daki Gboard'da LLM destekli Akıllı Yanıt

在附带 12 月功能更新版的 Pixel 8 Pro 设备上,开发者可以在 Gboard 中体验更优质的智能回复,该功能由在 Google Tensor 上运行的设备端大型语言模型 (LLM) 提供支持。

此功能目前仅在 WhatsApp、Line 和 KakaoTalk 中推出美式英语的有限预览版。该功能需要使用一部支持 Gboard 的 Pixel 8 Pro 设备作为键盘。

如需试用,请先依次选择设置 > 开发者选项 > AiCore 设置 > 启用 Aicore Persistent 以启用该功能。

接下来,在受支持的应用中打开对话,以在 Gboard 的建议栏中看到由 LLM 提供支持的智能回复,以便响应收到的消息。

Gboard 利用设备端 LLM 提供更优质的智能回复。

Grafik

Yollar sorgulanabilir ve kesilebilir

Android 的 Path API 是一种强大且灵活的机制,可用于创建和渲染矢量图形,能够描边或填充路径、根据线段或二次曲线或立方曲线构建路径、执行布尔运算以获取更复杂的形状,或同时执行所有这些操作。但有一个限制是,您无法了解 Path 对象中实际包含的内容;该对象的内部信息在创建后对调用方是不透明的。

如需创建 Path,您可以调用 moveTo()lineTo()cubicTo() 等方法来添加路径段。但是,无法询问该路径有哪些片段,因此您必须在创建时保留该信息。

从 Android 14 开始,您可以查询路径以了解其内部内容。首先,您需要使用 Path.getPathIterator API 获取 PathIterator 对象:

Kotlin

val path = Path().apply {
    moveTo(1.0f, 1.0f)
    lineTo(2.0f, 2.0f)
    close()
}
val pathIterator = path.pathIterator

Java

Path path = new Path();
path.moveTo(1.0F, 1.0F);
path.lineTo(2.0F, 2.0F);
path.close();
PathIterator pathIterator = path.getPathIterator();

接下来,您可以调用 PathIterator 逐个遍历片段,并检索每个片段的所有必要数据。以下示例使用了 PathIterator.Segment 对象,它会为您打包数据:

Kotlin

for (segment in pathIterator) {
    println("segment: ${segment.verb}, ${segment.points}")
}

Java

while (pathIterator.hasNext()) {
    PathIterator.Segment segment = pathIterator.next();
    Log.i(LOG_TAG, "segment: " + segment.getVerb() + ", " + segment.getPoints());
}

PathIterator 还有一个非分配版 next(),您可以在其中传入缓冲区来保存点数据。

查询 Path 数据的一个重要用例是插值。例如,您可能想在两个不同的路径之间添加动画(或变形)。为了进一步简化该用例,Android 14 针对 Path 还包含 interpolate() 方法。假设两个路径具有相同的内部结构,interpolate() 方法会使用该插值结果创建一个新的 Path。以下示例返回了一个形状介于 pathotherPath 之间的一半(线性插值为 0.5)的路径:

Kotlin

val interpolatedResult = Path()
if (path.isInterpolatable(otherPath)) {
    path.interpolate(otherPath, .5f, interpolatedResult)
}

Java

Path interpolatedResult = new Path();
if (path.isInterpolatable(otherPath)) {
    path.interpolate(otherPath, 0.5F, interpolatedResult);
}

Jetpack graphics-path 库也为早期版本的 Android 启用了类似的 API。

Köşe ve parça gölgelendiricileri içeren özel ağlar

Android 长期支持绘制具有自定义着色的三角形网格,但输入网格格式被限制为几种预定义的属性组合。Android 14 增加了对自定义网格的支持,自定义网格可定义为三角形三角形带,并且可以视需要编入索引。这些网格通过自定义属性、顶点步长、转换以及用 AGSL 编写的顶点和片段着色器指定

顶点着色器定义变化,例如位置和颜色,而 fragment 着色器可以选择定义像素的颜色,通常通过使用顶点着色器创建的变化。如果 fragment 着色器提供了颜色,则它会使用绘制网格时选择的混合模式与当前的 Paint 颜色混合。您可以将 uniform 传递到 fragment 和顶点着色器中,以提高灵活性。

Tuval için donanım arabelleği oluşturma aracı

协助使用 Android 的 Canvas API 通过 硬件加速至 HardwareBuffer、Android 14 引入了 HardwareBufferRenderer。如果您的用例涉及通过 SurfaceControl 与系统合成器通信以实现低延迟绘制,此 API 特别有用。