Изменения поведения: все приложения

Платформа Android 15 включает изменения поведения, которые могут повлиять на ваше приложение. Следующие изменения поведения применяются ко всем приложениям , работающим на Android 15, независимо от targetSdkVersion . Вам следует протестировать своё приложение и затем внести необходимые изменения для корректной поддержки этих изменений, где это применимо.

Обязательно ознакомьтесь со списком изменений поведения, которые касаются только приложений, предназначенных для Android 15 .

Основная функциональность

Android 15 изменяет или расширяет различные основные возможности системы Android.

Изменения в состоянии остановленного пакета

The intention of the package FLAG_STOPPED state (which users can engage in AOSP builds by long-pressing an app icon and selecting "Force Stop") has always been to keep apps in this state until the user explicitly removes the app from this state by directly launching the app or indirectly interacting with the app (through the sharesheet or a widget, selecting the app as live wallpaper, etc.). In Android 15, we've updated the behavior of the system to be aligned with this intended behavior. Apps should only be removed from the stopped state through direct or indirect user action.

To support the intended behavior, in addition to the existing restrictions, the system also cancels all pending intents when the app enters the stopped state on a device running Android 15. When the user's actions remove the app from the stopped state, the ACTION_BOOT_COMPLETED broadcast is delivered to the app providing an opportunity to re-register any pending intents.

You can call the new ApplicationStartInfo.wasForceStopped() method to confirm whether the app was put into the stopped state.

Поддержка страниц размером 16 КБ

Historically, Android has only supported 4 KB memory page sizes, which has optimized system memory performance for the average amount of total memory that Android devices have typically had. Beginning with Android 15, AOSP supports devices that are configured to use a page size of 16 KB (16 KB devices). If your app uses any NDK libraries, either directly or indirectly through an SDK, then you will need to rebuild your app for it to work on these 16 KB devices.

As device manufacturers continue to build devices with larger amounts of physical memory (RAM), many of these devices will adopt 16 KB (and eventually greater) page sizes to optimize the device's performance. Adding support for 16 KB page size devices enables your app to run on these devices and helps your app benefit from the associated performance improvements. Without recompiling, apps won't work on 16 KB devices in future Android releases.

To help you add support for your app, we've provided guidance on how to check if your app is impacted, how to rebuild your app (if applicable), and how to test your app in a 16 KB environment using emulators (including Android 15 system images for the Android Emulator).

Benefits and performance gains

Devices configured with 16 KB page sizes use slightly more memory on average, but also gain various performance improvements for both the system and apps:

  • Lower app launch times while the system is under memory pressure: 3.16% lower on average, with more significant improvements (up to 30%) for some apps that we tested
  • Reduced power draw during app launch: 4.56% reduction on average
  • Faster camera launch: 4.48% faster hot starts on average, and 6.60% faster cold starts on average
  • Improved system boot time: improved by 8% (approximately 950 milliseconds) on average

These improvements are based on our initial testing, and results on actual devices will likely differ. We'll provide additional analysis of potential gains for apps as we continue our testing.

Check if your app is impacted

如果您的应用使用了任何原生代码，则应重新构建应用，使其支持 16 KB 设备。如果您不确定自己的应用是否使用了原生代码，可以使用 APK 分析器来确定是否存在任何原生代码，然后检查您找到的任何共享库的 ELF 段对齐情况。Android Studio 还提供了一些功能，可帮助您自动检测对齐问题。

如果您的应用仅使用以 Java 或 Kotlin 编程语言编写的代码（包括所有库或 SDK），则该应用已支持 16 KB 设备。不过，我们建议您在 16 KB 环境中测试应用，以验证应用行为是否出现意外的回归。

Необходимые изменения для некоторых приложений для поддержки личного пространства

Private space is a new feature in Android 15 that lets users create a separate space on their device where they can keep sensitive apps away from prying eyes, under an additional layer of authentication. Because apps in the private space have restricted visibility, some types of apps need to take additional steps to be able to see and interact with apps in a user's private space.

All apps

Because apps in the private space are kept in a separate user profile, similar to work profiles, apps shouldn't assume that any installed copies of their app that aren't in the main profile are in the work profile. If your app has logic related to work profile apps that make this assumption, you'll need to adjust this logic.

Medical apps

When a user locks the private space, all apps in the private space are stopped, and those apps can't perform foreground or background activities, including showing notifications. This behavior might critically impact the use and function of medical apps installed in the private space.

The private space setup experience warns users that the private space is not suitable for apps that need to perform critical foreground or background activities, such as showing notifications from medical apps. However, apps can't determine whether or not they're being used in the private space, so they can't show a warning to the user for this case.

For these reasons, if you develop a medical app, review how this feature might impact your app and take appropriate actions—such as informing your users not to install your app in the private space—to avoid disrupting critical app capabilities.

Launcher apps

If you develop a launcher app, you must do the following before apps in the private space will be visible:

  1. Your app must be assigned as the default launcher app for the device—that is, possessing the ROLE_HOME role.
  2. Your app must declare the ACCESS_HIDDEN_PROFILES normal permission in your app's manifest file.

Launcher apps that declare the ACCESS_HIDDEN_PROFILES permission must handle the following private space use cases:

  1. Your app must have a separate launcher container for apps installed in the private space. Use the getLauncherUserInfo() method to determine which type of user profile is being handled.
  2. The user must be able to hide and show the private space container.
  3. The user must be able to lock and unlock the private space container. Use the requestQuietModeEnabled() method to lock (by passing true) or unlock (by passing false) the private space.

  4. While locked, no apps in the private space container should be visible or discoverable through mechanisms such as search. Your app should register a receiver for the ACTION_PROFILE_AVAILABLE and ACTION_PROFILE_UNAVAILABLE broadcasts and update the UI in your app when the locked or unlocked state of the private space container changes. Both of these broadcasts include EXTRA_USER, which your app can use to refer to the private profile user.

    You can also use the isQuietModeEnabled() method to check whether the private space profile is locked or not.

App store apps

The private space includes an "Install Apps" button that launches an implicit intent to install apps into the user's private space. In order for your app to receive this implicit intent, declare an <intent-filter> in your app's manifest file with a <category> of CATEGORY_APP_MARKET.

Шрифт эмодзи на основе PNG удален

我们移除了基于 PNG 的旧版表情符号字体文件 (NotoColorEmojiLegacy.ttf)，只保留了基于矢量的文件。从 Android 13（API 级别 33）开始，系统表情符号渲染程序使用的表情符号字体文件已从基于 PNG 的文件更改为基于矢量的文件。出于兼容性原因，系统在 Android 13 和 14 中保留了旧版字体文件，以便具有自己的字体渲染程序的应用在能够升级之前继续使用旧版字体文件。

如需检查您的应用是否受到影响，请在应用的代码中搜索对 NotoColorEmojiLegacy.ttf 文件的引用。

您可以通过多种方式自适应应用：

  • 使用平台 API 进行文本渲染。您可以将文本渲染到基于位图的 Canvas，并在必要时使用该 Canvas 获取原始图片。
  • 为您的应用添加 COLRv1 字体支持。FreeType 开源库在 2.13.0 版及更高版本中支持 COLRv1。
  • 作为最后的手段，您可以将旧版表情符号字体文件 (NotoColorEmoji.ttf) 捆绑到 APK 中，但在这种情况下，您的应用将缺少最新的表情符号更新。如需了解详情，请参阅 Noto Emoji GitHub 项目页面。

Минимальная целевая версия SDK увеличена с 23 до 24.

Android 15 основывается на изменениях, внесенных в Android 14, и еще больше расширяет эту безопасность. В Android 15 приложения с targetSdkVersion ниже 24 установить невозможно. Требование, чтобы приложения соответствовали современным уровням API, помогает обеспечить лучшую безопасность и конфиденциальность.

Вредоносное ПО часто нацелено на более низкие уровни API, чтобы обойти защиту безопасности и конфиденциальности, представленную в более поздних версиях Android. Например, некоторые вредоносные приложения используют targetSdkVersion , равный 22, чтобы избежать применения модели разрешений во время выполнения, представленной в 2015 году в Android 6.0 Marshmallow (уровень API 23). Из-за этого изменения в Android 15 вредоносным программам становится сложнее избежать улучшений безопасности и конфиденциальности. Попытка установить приложение, ориентированное на более низкий уровень API, приводит к сбою установки, и в Logcat появляется сообщение, подобное следующему:

INSTALL_FAILED_DEPRECATED_SDK_VERSION: App package must target at least SDK version 24, but found 7

На устройствах, обновляющихся до Android 15, все приложения с targetSdkVersion ниже 24 остаются установленными.

Если вам нужно протестировать приложение, ориентированное на более старый уровень API, используйте следующую команду ADB:

adb install --bypass-low-target-sdk-block FILENAME.apk

Безопасность и конфиденциальность

Android 15 introduces robust measures to combat one-time passcode (OTP) fraud and to protect the user's sensitive content, focusing on hardening the Notification Listener Service and screenshare protections. Key enhancements include redacting OTPs from notifications accessible to untrusted apps, hiding notifications during screenshare, and securing app activities when OTPs are posted. These changes aim to keep the user's sensitive content safe from unauthorized actors.

Developers need to be aware of the following to ensure their apps are compatible with the changes in Android 15:

OTP Redaction

Android will stop untrusted apps that implement a NotificationListenerService from reading unredacted content from notifications where an OTP has been detected. Trusted apps such as companion device manager associations are exempt from these restrictions.

Screenshare Protection

  • Notification content is hidden during screen sharing sessions to preserve the user's privacy. If the app implements setPublicVersion(), Android shows the public version of the notification which serves as a replacement notification in insecure contexts. Otherwise, the notification content is redacted without any further context.
  • Sensitive content like password input is hidden from remote viewers to prevent revealing the user's sensitive information.
  • Activities from apps that post notifications during screenshare where an OTP has been detected will be hidden. App content is hidden from the remote viewer when launched.
  • Beyond Android's automatic identification of sensitive fields, developers can manually mark parts of their app as sensitive using setContentSensitivity, which is hidden from remote viewers during screenshare.
  • Developers can choose to toggle the Disable screen share protections option under Developer Options to be exempted from the screenshare protections for demo or testing purposes. The default system screen recorder is exempted from these changes, since the recordings remain on-device.

Камера и медиа

Android 15 вносит следующие изменения в поведение камеры и мультимедиа для всех приложений.

Прямое и выгруженное воспроизведение звука делает недействительными ранее открытые прямые или выгруженные аудиодорожки при достижении ограничений ресурсов.

在 Android 15 之前，如果某个应用在另一个应用播放音频且达到资源限制时请求直接或分流音频播放，该应用将无法打开新的 AudioTrack。

从 Android 15 开始，当应用请求直接播放或分流播放且达到资源限制时，系统会使任何当前打开的 AudioTrack 对象失效，以防止执行新轨道请求。

（直接音轨和分流音轨通常会打开，以播放压缩音频格式。播放直接音频的常见用例包括通过 HDMI 将编码的音频流式传输到电视。分流轨道通常用于在具有硬件 DSP 加速的移动设备上播放压缩音频。）

Пользовательский опыт и системный пользовательский интерфейс

В Android 15 внесены некоторые изменения, направленные на создание более последовательного и интуитивно понятного пользовательского опыта.

Предиктивная анимация возврата включена для приложений, которые выбрали эту функцию

从 Android 15 开始，预测性返回动画的开发者选项已被移除。现在，如果应用已完全或在 activity 级别选择启用预测性返回手势，则系统会为其显示“返回主屏幕”“跨任务”和“跨 activity”等系统动画。如果您的应用受到了影响，请执行以下操作：

  • 确保您的应用已正确迁移，以使用预测性返回手势。
  • 确保 fragment 转场效果可与预测性返回导航搭配使用。
  • 请弃用动画和框架过渡，改用动画和 androidx 过渡。
  • 从 FragmentManager 不认识的返回堆栈迁移。请改用由 FragmentManager 或 Navigation 组件管理的返回堆栈。

Виджеты отключаются, когда пользователь принудительно останавливает приложение.

Если пользователь принудительно останавливает приложение на устройстве под управлением Android 15, система временно отключает все виджеты приложения. Виджеты выделены серым цветом, и пользователь не может с ними взаимодействовать. Это связано с тем, что, начиная с Android 15, система отменяет все ожидающие намерения приложения, когда приложение принудительно остановлено.

Система повторно включает эти виджеты при следующем запуске приложения пользователем.

Дополнительные сведения см. в разделе Изменения состояния остановки пакета .

Микросхема строки состояния проекции мультимедиа оповещает пользователей о совместном использовании экрана, трансляции и записи

Screen projection exploits expose private user data such as financial information because users don't realize their device screen is being shared.

For apps running on devices with Android 15 QPR1 or higher, a status bar chip that is large and prominent alerts users to any in‑progress screen projection. Users can tap the chip to stop their screen from being shared, cast, or recorded. Also, screen projection automatically stops when the device screen is locked.

用于屏幕共享、投屏和录制的状态栏条状标签。

Check if your app is impacted

By default, your app includes the status bar chip and automatically suspends screen projection when the lock screen activates.

To learn more about how to test your app for these use cases, see Status bar chip and auto stop.

Ограничения доступа к фоновой сети

In Android 15, apps that start a network request outside of a valid process lifecycle receive an exception. Typically, an UnknownHostException or other socket-related IOException. Network requests that happen outside of a valid lifecycle are usually due to apps unknowingly continuing a network request even after the app is no longer active.

To mitigate this exception, ensure your network requests are lifecycle aware and cancelled upon leaving a valid process lifecycle by using lifecycle aware components. If it is important that the network request should happen even when the user leaves the application, consider scheduling the network request using WorkManager or continue a user visible task using Foreground Service.

Устаревания

С каждым релизом некоторые API Android могут устаревать или нуждаться в рефакторинге для улучшения удобства разработки или поддержки новых возможностей платформы. В таких случаях мы официально прекращаем поддержку устаревших API и рекомендуем разработчикам использовать альтернативные API.

Deprecation means that we've ended official support for the APIs, but they will continue to remain available to developers. Чтобы узнать больше о заметных остепниках в этом выпуске Android, см. На странице деформации .