行为变更：以 Android 16 或更高版本为目标平台的应用

与早期版本一样，Android 16 包含一些行为变更，这些变更可能会影响您的应用。以下行为变更仅影响以 Android 16 或更高版本为目标平台的应用。如果您的应用以 Android 16 或更高版本为目标平台，您应该修改自己的应用以支持这些行为（如果适用）。

请务必查看对 Android 16 上运行的所有应用都有影响的行为变更列表（无论应用的 targetSdkVersion 如何）。

用户体验和系统界面

Android 16（API 级别 36）进行了以下更改，旨在打造更一致、更直观的用户体验。

无边框设计停用退出选项

Android 15 enforced edge-to-edge for apps targeting Android 15 (API level 35), but your app could opt-out by setting R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement to true. For apps targeting Android 16 (API level 36), R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement is deprecated and disabled, and your app can't opt-out of going edge-to-edge.

• If your app targets Android 16 (API level 36) and is running on an Android 15 device, R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement continues to work.
• If your app targets Android 16 (API level 36) and is running on an Android 16 device, R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement is disabled.

For testing in Android 16 Beta 3, ensure your app supports edge-to-edge and remove any use of R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement so that your app also supports edge-to-edge on an Android 15 device. To support edge-to-edge, see the Compose and Views guidance.

必须迁移或停用预测性返回

For apps targeting Android 16 (API level 36) or higher and running on an Android 16 or higher device, the predictive back system animations (back-to-home, cross-task, and cross-activity) are enabled by default. Additionally, onBackPressed is not called and KeyEvent.KEYCODE_BACK is not dispatched anymore.

If your app intercepts the back event and you haven't migrated to predictive back yet, update your app to use supported back navigation APIs. or temporarily opt out by setting the android:enableOnBackInvokedCallback attribute to false in the <application> or <activity> tag of your app's AndroidManifest.xml file.

优雅字体 API 已废弃并停用

Apps targeting Android 15 (API level 35) have the elegantTextHeight TextView attribute set to true by default, replacing the compact font with one that is much more readable. You could override this by setting the elegantTextHeight attribute to false.

Android 16 deprecates the elegantTextHeight attribute, and the attribute will be ignored once your app targets Android 16. The "UI fonts" controlled by these APIs are being discontinued, so you should adapt any layouts to ensure consistent and future proof text rendering in Arabic, Lao, Myanmar, Tamil, Gujarati, Kannada, Malayalam, Odia, Telugu or Thai.

核心功能

Android 16（API 级别 36）包含以下更改，用于修改或扩展 Android 系统的各种核心功能。

固定费率工作调度优化

Prior to targeting Android 16, when scheduleAtFixedRate missed a task execution due to being outside a valid process lifecycle, all missed executions immediately execute when the app returns to a valid lifecycle.

When targeting Android 16, at most one missed execution of scheduleAtFixedRate is immediately executed when the app returns to a valid lifecycle. This behavior change is expected to improve app performance. Test this behavior in your app to check if your app is impacted. You can also test by using the app compatibility framework and enabling the STPE_SKIP_MULTIPLE_MISSED_PERIODIC_TASKS compat flag.

设备规格

Android 16（API 级别 36）对应用在大屏设备上显示时做出了以下更改。

自适应布局

With Android apps now running on a variety of devices (such as phones, tablets, foldables, desktops, cars, and TVs) and windowing modes on large screens (such as split screen and desktop windowing), developers should build Android apps that adapt to any screen and window size, regardless of device orientation. Paradigms like restricting orientation and resizability are too restrictive in today's multidevice world.

Ignore orientation, resizability, and aspect ratio restrictions

For apps targeting Android 16 (API level 36), Android 16 includes changes to how the system manages orientation, resizability, and aspect ratio restrictions. On displays with smallest width >= 600dp, the restrictions no longer apply. Apps also fill the entire display window, regardless of aspect ratio or a user's preferred orientation, and pillarboxing isn't used.

This change introduces a new standard platform behavior. Android is moving toward a model where apps are expected to adapt to various orientations, display sizes, and aspect ratios. Restrictions like fixed orientation or limited resizability hinder app adaptability, so we recommend making your app adaptive to deliver the best possible user experience.

You can also test this behavior by using the app compatibility framework and enabling the UNIVERSAL_RESIZABLE_BY_DEFAULT compat flag.

Common breaking changes

Ignoring orientation, resizability, and aspect ratio restrictions might impact your app's UI on some devices, especially elements that were designed for small layouts locked in portrait orientation: for example, issues like stretched layouts and off-screen animations and components. Any assumptions about aspect ratio or orientation can cause visual issues with your app. Learn more about how to avoid them and improve your app's adaptive behaviour.

Allowing device rotation results in more activity re-creation, which can result in losing user state if not properly preserved. Learn how to correctly save UI state in Save UI states.

Implementation details

The following manifest attributes and runtime APIs are ignored across large screen devices in full-screen and multi-window modes:

• screenOrientation
• resizableActivity
• minAspectRatio
• maxAspectRatio
• setRequestedOrientation()
• getRequestedOrientation()

The following values for screenOrientation, setRequestedOrientation(), and getRequestedOrientation() are ignored:

• portrait
• reversePortrait
• sensorPortrait
• userPortrait
• landscape
• reverseLandscape
• sensorLandscape
• userLandscape

Regarding display resizability, android:resizeableActivity="false", android:minAspectRatio, and android:maxAspectRatio have no effect.

For apps targeting Android 16 (API level 36), app orientation, resizability, and aspect ratio constraints are ignored on large screens by default, but every app that isn't fully ready can temporarily override this behavior by opting out (which results in the previous behavior of being placed in compatibility mode).

Exceptions

The Android 16 orientation, resizability, and aspect ratio restrictions don't apply in the following situations:

• Games (based on the android:appCategory flag)
• Users explicitly opting in to the app's default behavior in aspect ratio settings of the device
• Screens that are smaller than sw600dp

Opt out temporarily

To opt out a specific activity, declare the PROPERTY_COMPAT_ALLOW_RESTRICTED_RESIZABILITY manifest property:

<activity ...>
  <property android:name="android.window.PROPERTY_COMPAT_ALLOW_RESTRICTED_RESIZABILITY" android:value="true" />
  ...
</activity>

If too many parts of your app aren't ready for Android 16, you can opt out completely by applying the same property at the application level:

<application ...>
  <property android:name="android.window.PROPERTY_COMPAT_ALLOW_RESTRICTED_RESIZABILITY" android:value="true" />
</application>

健康与健身

Android 16（API 级别 36）包含与健康与健身数据相关的以下变更。

健康与健身权限

For apps targeting Android 16 (API level 36) or higher, BODY_SENSORS permissions are transitioning to the granular permissions under android.permissions.health also used by Health Connect. Any API previously requiring BODY_SENSORS or BODY_SENSORS_BACKGROUND now requires the corresponding android.permissions.health permission. This affects the following data types, APIs, and foreground service types:

• HEART_RATE_BPM from Wear Health Services
• Sensor.TYPE_HEART_RATE from Android Sensor Manager
• heartRateAccuracy and heartRateBpm from Wear ProtoLayout
• FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_HEALTH where the respective android.permission.health permission is needed in place of BODY_SENSORS

If your app uses these APIs, it should now request the respective granular permissions:

• For while-in-use monitoring of Heart Rate, SpO2, or Skin Temperature: request the granular permission under android.permissions.health, such as READ_HEART_RATE instead of BODY_SENSORS.
• For background sensor access: request READ_HEALTH_DATA_IN_BACKGROUND instead of BODY_SENSORS_BACKGROUND.

These permissions are the same as those that guard access to reading data from Health Connect, the Android datastore for health, fitness, and wellness data.

Mobile apps

Mobile apps migrating to use the READ_HEART_RATE and other granular permissions must also declare an activity to display the app's privacy policy. This is the same requirement as Health Connect.

连接

Android 16（API 级别 36）在蓝牙堆栈中进行了以下更改，以改善与外围设备的连接。

用于处理键绑定丢失和加密更改的新 intent

As part of the Improved bond loss handling, Android 16 also introduces 2 new intents to provide apps with greater awareness of bond loss and encryption changes.

Apps targeting Android 16 can now:

• Receive an ACTION_KEY_MISSING intent when remote bond loss is detected, allowing them to provide more informative user feedback and take appropriate actions.
• Receive an ACTION_ENCRYPTION_CHANGE intent whenever encryption status of the link changes. This includes encryption status change, encryption algorithm change, and encryption key size change. Apps must consider the bond restored if the link is successfully encrypted upon receiving ACTION_ENCRYPTION_CHANGE intent later.

If your app currently uses custom mechanisms for bond loss handling, migrate to the new intent ACTION_KEY_MISSING to detect and manage bond loss events. We recommend your app guide the user to confirm the remote device is in range before initiating device forgetting and re-pairing.

Moreover, if a device disconnects after ACTION_KEY_MISSING intent is received, your app should be mindful about reconnecting to the device as that device may no longer be bonded with the system.

安全

Android 16（API 级别 36）包含安全方面的以下变更。

MediaStore 版本锁定

For apps targeting Android 16 or higher, MediaStore#getVersion() will now be unique to each app. This eliminates identifying properties from the version string to prevent abuse and usage for fingerprinting techniques. Apps shouldn't make any assumptions around the format of this version. Apps should already handle version changes when using this API and in most cases shouldn't need to change their current behavior, unless the developer has attempted to infer additional information that is beyond the intended scope of this API.

更安全的 intent

The Safer Intents feature is a multi-phase security initiative designed to improve the security of Android's intent resolution mechanism. The goal is to protect apps from malicious actions by adding checks during intent processing and filtering intents that don't meet specific criteria.

In Android 15 the feature focused on the sending app, now with Android 16, shifts control to the receiving app, allowing developers to opt-in to strict intent resolution using their app manifest.

Two key changes are being implemented:

1. Explicit Intents Must Match the Target Component's Intent Filter: If an intent explicitly targets a component, it should match that component's intent filter.

2. Intents Without an Action Cannot Match any Intent Filter: Intents that don't have an action specified shouldn't be resolved to any intent filter.

These changes only apply when multiple apps are involved and don't affect intent handling within a single app.

Impact

The opt-in nature means that developers must explicitly enable it in their app manifest for it to take effect. As a result, the feature's impact will be limited to apps whose developers:

• Are aware of the Safer Intents feature and its benefits.
• Actively choose to incorporate stricter intent handling practices into their apps.

This opt-in approach minimizes the risk of breaking existing apps that may rely on the current less-secure intent resolution behavior.

While the initial impact in Android 16 may be limited, the Safer Intents initiative has a roadmap for broader impact in future Android releases. The plan is to eventually make strict intent resolution the default behavior.

The Safer Intents feature has the potential to significantly enhance the security of the Android ecosystem by making it more difficult for malicious apps to exploit vulnerabilities in the intent resolution mechanism.

However, the transition to opt-out and mandatory enforcement must be carefully managed to address potential compatibility issues with existing apps.

Implementation

Developers need to explicitly enable stricter intent matching using the intentMatchingFlags attribute in their app manifest. Here is an example where the feature is opt-in for the entire app, but disabled/opt-out on a receiver:

<application android:intentMatchingFlags="enforceIntentFilter">
    <receiver android:name=".MyBroadcastReceiver" android:exported="true" android:intentMatchingFlags="none">
        <intent-filter>
            <action android:name="com.example.MY_CUSTOM_ACTION" />
        </intent-filter>
        <intent-filter>
            <action android:name="com.example.MY_ANOTHER_CUSTOM_ACTION" />
        </intent-filter>
    </receiver>
</application>

More on the supported flags:

Testing and Debugging

When the enforcement is active, apps should function correctly if the intent caller has properly populated the intent. However, blocked intents will trigger warning log messages like "Intent does not match component's intent filter:" and "Access blocked:" with the tag "PackageManager." This indicates a potential issue that could impact the app and requires attention.

Logcat filter:

tag=:PackageManager & (message:"Intent does not match component's intent filter:" | message: "Access blocked:")

隐私设置

Android 16（API 级别 36）包含以下隐私权变更。

本地网络权限

具有 INTERNET 权限的任何应用都可以访问 LAN 上的设备。这样一来，应用便可轻松连接到本地设备，但这也可能会影响隐私，例如形成用户的指纹，以及充当位置信息的代理。

本地网络保护项目旨在通过将对本地网络的访问权限置于新的运行时权限后面来保护用户的隐私。

发布计划

这项更改将在两个版本（分别为 25Q2 和 TBD）之间部署。 开发者必须遵循 25Q2 的相关指南并分享反馈，因为这些保护措施将在较新的 Android 版本中强制执行。此外，他们需要按照以下指南更新依赖于隐式本地网络访问权限的场景，并为用户拒绝和撤消新权限做好准备。

影响

目前，LNP 是一项用户可选择启用的功能，这意味着只有选择启用该功能的应用会受到影响。选择启用阶段的目标是让应用开发者了解其应用的哪些部分依赖于隐式本地网络访问权限，以便他们为下一个版本做好权限保护准备。

如果应用使用以下方式访问用户的本地网络，则会受到影响：

• 在本地网络地址上直接或通过库使用原始套接字（例如 mDNS 或 SSDP 服务发现协议）
• 使用访问本地网络的框架级类（例如 NsdManager）

到和从本地网络地址发送的流量需要本地网络访问权限。下表列出了一些常见用例：

这些限制在网络堆栈深处实现，因此适用于所有网络 API。这包括在原生代码或受管理代码中创建的套接字、Cronet 和 OkHttp 等网络库，以及在这些库之上实现的任何 API。尝试解析本地网络上的服务（即带有 .local 后缀的服务）需要本地网络权限。

上述规则的例外情况：

• 如果设备的 DNS 服务器位于本地网络中，则向其发送或从其接收的流量（在端口 53 上）不需要本地网络访问权限。
• 使用输出切换器作为应用内选择器的应用无需本地网络权限（更多指南将于 2025 年第 4 季度发布）。

开发者指南（用户选择启用）

如需选择启用本地网络限制，请执行以下操作：

1. 将设备刷写为搭载 25Q2 Beta 版 3 或更高版本的 build。
2. 安装要测试的应用。

3. 在 adb 中切换 Appcompat 标志：

   adb shell am compat enable RESTRICT_LOCAL_NETWORK <package_name>
   

4. 重新启动设备

现在，您的应用对本地网络的访问权限受到限制，任何尝试访问本地网络的操作都会导致套接字错误。如果您使用的 API 在应用进程之外执行本地网络操作（例如 NsdManager），则在用户选择启用该功能期间，这些 API 不会受到影响。

如需恢复访问权限，您必须向应用授予 NEARBY_WIFI_DEVICES 权限。

1. 确保应用在其清单中声明了 NEARBY_WIFI_DEVICES 权限。
2. 依次前往设置 > 应用 > [应用名称] > 权限 > 附近的设备 > 允许。

现在，您的应用对本地网络的访问权限应该已恢复，并且所有场景都应像在应用选择启用之前一样正常运行。

本地网络保护功能开始强制执行后，应用网络流量将受到以下影响。

使用以下命令关闭 App-Compat 标志

adb shell am compat disable RESTRICT_LOCAL_NETWORK <package_name>

错误

每当调用套接字向本地网络地址调用 send 或 send 变体时，系统都会将因这些限制而产生的错误返回给调用套接字。

错误示例：

sendto failed: EPERM (Operation not permitted)

sendto failed: ECONNABORTED (Operation not permitted)

本地网络定义

本项目中的本地网络是指使用支持广播的网络接口（例如 Wi-Fi 或以太网）的 IP 网络，但不包括移动网络 (WWAN) 或 VPN 连接。

以下网络被视为本地网络：

IPv4：

• 169.254.0.0/16 // 链路本地
• 100.64.0.0/10 // CGNAT
• 10.0.0.0/8 // RFC1918
• 172.16.0.0/12 // RFC1918
• 192.168.0.0/16 // RFC1918

IPv6：

• 链路本地
• 直接连接的路线
• Thread 等桩网络
• 多个子网（待定）

此外，多播地址 (224.0.0.0/4、ff00::/8) 和 IPv4 广播地址 (255.255.255.255) 都被归类为本地网络地址。

应用拥有的照片

When prompted for photo and video permissions by an app targeting SDK 36 or higher on devices running Android 16 or higher, users who choose to limit access to selected media will see any photos owned by the app pre-selected in the photo picker. Users can deselect any of these pre-selected items, which will revoke the app's access to those photos and videos.