تغییرات رفتار: برنامه هایی که اندروید 16 یا بالاتر را هدف قرار می دهند

مانند نسخه‌های قبلی، اندروید ۱۶ شامل تغییرات رفتاری است که ممکن است بر برنامه شما تأثیر بگذارد. تغییرات رفتاری زیر منحصراً برای برنامه‌هایی اعمال می‌شود که اندروید ۱۶ یا بالاتر را هدف قرار می‌دهند. اگر برنامه شما اندروید ۱۶ یا بالاتر را هدف قرار می‌دهد، باید برنامه خود را برای پشتیبانی از این رفتارها، در صورت لزوم، اصلاح کنید.

حتماً فهرست تغییرات رفتاری که صرف نظر از targetSdkVersion برنامه شما، بر همه برنامه‌های در حال اجرا در اندروید ۱۶ تأثیر می‌گذارند را نیز بررسی کنید.

تجربه کاربری و رابط کاربری سیستم

اندروید ۱۶ (سطح API ۳۶) شامل تغییرات زیر است که برای ایجاد یک تجربه کاربری سازگارتر و شهودی‌تر در نظر گرفته شده‌اند.

کنار رفتن گزینه انصراف از لبه تا لبه

Android 15 enforced edge-to-edge for apps targeting Android 15 (API level 35), but your app could opt-out by setting R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement to true. For apps targeting Android 16 (API level 36), R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement is deprecated and disabled, and your app can't opt-out of going edge-to-edge.

• If your app targets Android 16 (API level 36) and is running on an Android 15 device, R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement continues to work.
• If your app targets Android 16 (API level 36) and is running on an Android 16 device, R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement is disabled.

For testing in Android 16, ensure your app supports edge-to-edge and remove any use of R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement so that your app also supports edge-to-edge on an Android 15 device. To support edge-to-edge, see the Compose and Views guidance.

مهاجرت یا انصراف برای بازگشت پیش‌بینی‌کننده الزامی است

For apps targeting Android 16 (API level 36) or higher and running on an Android 16 or higher device, the predictive back system animations (back-to-home, cross-task, and cross-activity) are enabled by default. Additionally, onBackPressed is not called and KeyEvent.KEYCODE_BACK is not dispatched anymore.

If your app intercepts the back event and you haven't migrated to predictive back yet, update your app to use supported back navigation APIs, or temporarily opt out by setting the android:enableOnBackInvokedCallback attribute to false in the <application> or <activity> tag of your app's AndroidManifest.xml file.

APIهای فونت Elegant منسوخ و غیرفعال شدند

Apps targeting Android 15 (API level 35) have the elegantTextHeight TextView attribute set to true by default, replacing the compact font with one that is much more readable. You could override this by setting the elegantTextHeight attribute to false.

Android 16 deprecates the elegantTextHeight attribute, and the attribute will be ignored once your app targets Android 16. The "UI fonts" controlled by these APIs are being discontinued, so you should adapt any layouts to ensure consistent and future proof text rendering in Arabic, Lao, Myanmar, Tamil, Gujarati, Kannada, Malayalam, Odia, Telugu or Thai.

قابلیت‌های اصلی

اندروید ۱۶ (سطح API ۳۶) شامل تغییرات زیر است که قابلیت‌های اصلی مختلف سیستم اندروید را اصلاح یا گسترش می‌دهد.

بهینه‌سازی زمان‌بندی کار با نرخ ثابت

Prior to targeting Android 16, when scheduleAtFixedRate missed a task execution due to being outside a valid process lifecycle, all missed executions immediately execute when the app returns to a valid lifecycle.

When targeting Android 16, at most one missed execution of scheduleAtFixedRate is immediately executed when the app returns to a valid lifecycle. This behavior change is expected to improve app performance. Test this behavior in your app to check if your app is impacted. You can also test by using the app compatibility framework and enabling the STPE_SKIP_MULTIPLE_MISSED_PERIODIC_TASKS compat flag.

فاکتورهای شکل دستگاه

اندروید ۱۶ (سطح API ۳۶) شامل تغییرات زیر برای برنامه‌ها هنگام نمایش در دستگاه‌های صفحه نمایش بزرگ است.

طرح‌بندی‌های تطبیقی

With Android apps now running on a variety of devices (such as phones, tablets, foldables, desktops, cars, and TVs) and windowing modes on large screens (such as split screen and desktop windowing), developers should build Android apps that adapt to any screen and window size, regardless of device orientation. Paradigms like restricting orientation and resizability are too restrictive in today's multidevice world.

Ignore orientation, resizability, and aspect ratio restrictions

For apps targeting Android 16 (API level 36), orientation, resizability, and aspect ratio restrictions no longer apply on displays with smallest width >= 600dp. Apps fill the entire display window, regardless of aspect ratio or a user's preferred orientation, and pillarboxing isn't used.

This change introduces a new standard platform behavior. Android is moving toward a model where apps are expected to adapt to various orientations, display sizes, and aspect ratios. Restrictions like fixed orientation or limited resizability hinder app adaptability. Make your app adaptive to deliver the best possible user experience.

You can also test this behavior by using the app compatibility framework and enabling the UNIVERSAL_RESIZABLE_BY_DEFAULT compat flag.

Common breaking changes

Ignoring orientation, resizability, and aspect ratio restrictions might impact your app's UI on some devices, especially elements that were designed for small layouts locked in portrait orientation: for example, issues like stretched layouts and off-screen animations and components. Any assumptions about aspect ratio or orientation can cause visual issues with your app. Learn more about how to avoid them and improve your app's adaptive behaviour.

Allowing device rotation results in more activity re-creation, which can result in losing user state if not properly preserved. Learn how to correctly save UI state in Save UI states.

Implementation details

The following manifest attributes and runtime APIs are ignored across large screen devices in full-screen and multi-window modes:

• screenOrientation
• resizableActivity
• minAspectRatio
• maxAspectRatio
• setRequestedOrientation()
• getRequestedOrientation()

The following values for screenOrientation, setRequestedOrientation(), and getRequestedOrientation() are ignored:

• portrait
• reversePortrait
• sensorPortrait
• userPortrait
• landscape
• reverseLandscape
• sensorLandscape
• userLandscape

Regarding display resizability, android:resizeableActivity="false", android:minAspectRatio, and android:maxAspectRatio have no effect.

For apps targeting Android 16 (API level 36), app orientation, resizability, and aspect ratio constraints are ignored on large screens by default, but every app that isn't fully ready can temporarily override this behavior by opting out (which results in the previous behavior of being placed in compatibility mode).

Exceptions

The Android 16 orientation, resizability, and aspect ratio restrictions don't apply in the following situations:

• Games (based on the android:appCategory flag)
• Users explicitly opting in to the app's default behavior in aspect ratio settings of the device
• Screens that are smaller than sw600dp

Opt out temporarily

To opt out a specific activity, declare the PROPERTY_COMPAT_ALLOW_RESTRICTED_RESIZABILITY manifest property:

<activity ...>
  <property android:name="android.window.PROPERTY_COMPAT_ALLOW_RESTRICTED_RESIZABILITY" android:value="true" />
  ...
</activity>

If too many parts of your app aren't ready for Android 16, you can opt out completely by applying the same property at the application level:

<application ...>
  <property android:name="android.window.PROPERTY_COMPAT_ALLOW_RESTRICTED_RESIZABILITY" android:value="true" />
</application>

سلامت و تناسب اندام

اندروید ۱۶ (سطح API ۳۶) شامل تغییرات زیر در رابطه با داده‌های سلامت و تناسب اندام است.

مجوزهای سلامت و تناسب اندام

For apps targeting Android 16 (API level 36) or higher, BODY_SENSORS permissions use more granular permissions under android.permissions.health, which Health Connect also uses. As of Android 16, any API previously requiring BODY_SENSORS or BODY_SENSORS_BACKGROUND requires the corresponding android.permissions.health permission instead. This affects the following data types, APIs, and foreground service types:

• HEART_RATE_BPM from Health Services on Wear OS
• Sensor.TYPE_HEART_RATE from Android Sensor Manager
• heartRateAccuracy and heartRateBpm from ProtoLayout on Wear OS
• FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_HEALTH where the respective android.permission.health permission is needed in place of BODY_SENSORS

If your app uses these APIs, it should request the respective granular permissions:

• For while-in-use monitoring of Heart Rate, SpO2, or Skin Temperature: request the granular permission under android.permissions.health, such as READ_HEART_RATE instead of BODY_SENSORS.
• For background sensor access: request READ_HEALTH_DATA_IN_BACKGROUND instead of BODY_SENSORS_BACKGROUND.

These permissions are the same as those that guard access to reading data from Health Connect, the Android datastore for health, fitness, and wellness data.

Mobile apps

Mobile apps migrating to use the READ_HEART_RATE and other granular permissions must also declare an activity to display the app's privacy policy. This is the same requirement as Health Connect.

اتصال

اندروید ۱۶ (سطح API ۳۶) شامل تغییرات زیر در پشته بلوتوث برای بهبود اتصال با دستگاه‌های جانبی است.

اهداف جدید برای مدیریت از دست دادن اوراق قرضه و تغییرات رمزگذاری

As part of the Improved bond loss handling, Android 16 also introduces 2 new intents to provide apps with greater awareness of bond loss and encryption changes.

Apps targeting Android 16 can now:

• Receive an ACTION_KEY_MISSING intent when remote bond loss is detected, allowing them to provide more informative user feedback and take appropriate actions.
• Receive an ACTION_ENCRYPTION_CHANGE intent whenever encryption status of the link changes. This includes encryption status change, encryption algorithm change, and encryption key size change. Apps must consider the bond restored if the link is successfully encrypted upon receiving ACTION_ENCRYPTION_CHANGE intent later.

Adapting to varying OEM implementations

While Android 16 introduces these new intents, their implementation and broadcasting can vary across different device manufacturers (OEMs). To ensure your app provides a consistent and reliable experience across all devices, developers should design their bond loss handling to gracefully adapt to these potential variations.

We recommend the following app behaviors:

• If the ACTION_KEY_MISSING intent is broadcast:

  The ACL (Asynchronous Connection-Less) link will be disconnected by the system, but the bond information for the device will be retained (as described here).

  Your app should use this intent as the primary signal for bond loss detection and guiding the user to confirm the remote device is in range before initiating device forgetting or re-pairing.

  If a device disconnects after ACTION_KEY_MISSING is received, your app should be cautious about reconnecting, as the device may no longer be bonded with the system.

• If the ACTION_KEY_MISSING intent is NOT broadcast:

  The ACL link will remain connected, and the bond information for the device will be removed by the system, same to behavior in Android 15.

  In this scenario, your app should continue its existing bond loss handling mechanisms as in previous Android releases, to detect and manage bond loss events.

روش جدید برای حذف اتصال بلوتوث

All apps targeting Android 16 are now able to unpair bluetooth devices using a public API in CompanionDeviceManager. If a companion device is being managed as a CDM association, then the app can trigger bluetooth bond removal by using the new removeBond(int) API on the associated device. The app can monitor the bond state changes by listening to the bluetooth device broadcast event ACTION_BOND_STATE_CHANGED.

امنیت

اندروید ۱۶ (سطح API ۳۶) شامل تغییرات امنیتی زیر است.

قفل شدن نسخه MediaStore

For apps targeting Android 16 or higher, MediaStore#getVersion() will now be unique to each app. This eliminates identifying properties from the version string to prevent abuse and usage for fingerprinting techniques. Apps shouldn't make any assumptions around the format of this version. Apps should already handle version changes when using this API and in most cases shouldn't need to change their current behavior, unless the developer has attempted to infer additional information that is beyond the intended scope of this API.

مقاصد امن‌تر

The Safer Intents feature is a multi-phase security initiative designed to improve the security of Android's intent resolution mechanism. The goal is to protect apps from malicious actions by adding checks during intent processing and filtering intents that don't meet specific criteria.

In Android 15 the feature focused on the sending app, now with Android 16, shifts control to the receiving app, allowing developers to opt-in to strict intent resolution using their app manifest.

Two key changes are being implemented:

1. Explicit Intents Must Match the Target Component's Intent Filter: If an intent explicitly targets a component, it should match that component's intent filter.

2. Intents Without an Action Cannot Match any Intent Filter: Intents that don't have an action specified shouldn't be resolved to any intent filter.

These changes only apply when multiple apps are involved and don't affect intent handling within a single app.

Impact

The opt-in nature means that developers must explicitly enable it in their app manifest for it to take effect. As a result, the feature's impact will be limited to apps whose developers:

• Are aware of the Safer Intents feature and its benefits.
• Actively choose to incorporate stricter intent handling practices into their apps.

This opt-in approach minimizes the risk of breaking existing apps that may rely on the current less-secure intent resolution behavior.

While the initial impact in Android 16 may be limited, the Safer Intents initiative has a roadmap for broader impact in future Android releases. The plan is to eventually make strict intent resolution the default behavior.

The Safer Intents feature has the potential to significantly enhance the security of the Android ecosystem by making it more difficult for malicious apps to exploit vulnerabilities in the intent resolution mechanism.

However, the transition to opt-out and mandatory enforcement must be carefully managed to address potential compatibility issues with existing apps.

Implementation

Developers need to explicitly enable stricter intent matching using the intentMatchingFlags attribute in their app manifest. Here is an example where the feature is opt-in for the entire app, but disabled/opt-out on a receiver:

<application android:intentMatchingFlags="enforceIntentFilter">
    <receiver android:name=".MyBroadcastReceiver" android:exported="true" android:intentMatchingFlags="none">
        <intent-filter>
            <action android:name="com.example.MY_CUSTOM_ACTION" />
        </intent-filter>
        <intent-filter>
            <action android:name="com.example.MY_ANOTHER_CUSTOM_ACTION" />
        </intent-filter>
    </receiver>
</application>

More on the supported flags:

Testing and Debugging

When the enforcement is active, apps should function correctly if the intent caller has properly populated the intent. However, blocked intents will trigger warning log messages like "Intent does not match component's intent filter:" and "Access blocked:" with the tag "PackageManager." This indicates a potential issue that could impact the app and requires attention.

Logcat filter:

tag=:PackageManager & (message:"Intent does not match component's intent filter:" | message: "Access blocked:")

فیلتر کردن فراخوانی‌های سیستمی GPU

为了加固 Mali GPU Surface，我们已在生产版本中屏蔽了已废弃或仅用于 GPU 开发的 Mali GPU IOCTL。 此外，用于 GPU 性能剖析的 IOCTL 已限制为 shell 进程或可调试的应用。如需详细了解平台级政策，请参阅 SAC 更新。

此项变更适用于使用 Mali GPU 的 Pixel 设备（Pixel 6-9）。Arm 已在其 r54p2 release 版本的 Documentation/ioctl-categories.rst 中提供了 IOCTL 的官方分类。此列表将在未来的驱动程序版本中继续维护。

此项变更不会影响受支持的图形 API（包括 Vulkan 和 OpenGL），预计也不会影响开发者或现有应用。 Streamline Performance Analyzer 和 Android GPU 检查器等 GPU 性能剖析工具不会受到影响。

测试

如果您看到类似以下内容的 SELinux 拒绝，则您的应用很可能受到了此项变更的影响：

06-30 10:47:18.617 20360 20360 W roidJUnitRunner: type=1400 audit(0.0:85): avc:  denied  { ioctl }
for  path="/dev/mali0" dev="tmpfs" ino=1188 ioctlcmd=0x8023
scontext=u:r:untrusted_app_25:s0:c512,c768 tcontext=u:object_r:gpu_device:s0 tclass=chr_file
permissive=0 app=com.google.android.selinux.pts

如果您的应用需要使用被屏蔽的 IOCTL，请提交 bug 并将其分配给 android-partner-security@google.com。

常见问题解答

1. 此项政策变更是否适用于所有 OEM？ 此项变更将采用选择启用模式，但任何想要使用此加固方法的原始设备制造商(OEM)都可以使用。如需了解如何实现此项变更，请参阅实现文档。

2. 是否必须在 OEM 代码库中进行更改才能实现此项变更，还是默认随新的 AOSP 版本提供？ 平台级变更将默认随新的 AOSP 版本提供。供应商可以选择在其代码库中启用此项变更，以便应用此项变更。

3. SoC 是否负责让 IOCTL 列表保持最新状态？例如，如果我的设备使用 ARM Mali GPU，我是否需要就任何变更与 ARM 联系？ 各个 SoC 必须在驱动程序发布后根据设备更新其 IOCTL 列表。 例如，ARM 会在驱动程序更新后更新其发布的 IOCTL 列表。 不过，OEM 应确保将更新纳入其 SEPolicy，并根据需要将任何选定的自定义 IOCTL 添加到列表中。

4. 此项变更是否会自动应用于所有在售 Pixel 设备，还是需要用户执行操作来切换某些内容以应用此项变更？ 此项变更适用于所有使用 Mali GPU 的在售 Pixel 设备（Pixel 6-9）。无需用户执行任何操作即可应用此项变更。

5. 使用此政策是否会影响内核驱动程序的性能？ 我们已使用 GFXBench 在 Mali GPU 上对此政策进行了测试，未观察到 GPU 性能发生任何可衡量的变化。

6. IOCTL 列表是否需要与当前的用户空间和内核驱动程序版本保持一致？是，允许的 IOCTL 列表必须与用户空间和内核驱动程序支持的 IOCTL 同步。如果用户空间或内核驱动程序中的 IOCTL 发生更新，则必须更新 SEPolicy IOCTL 列表以进行匹配。

7. ARM 已将 IOCTL 分类为“受限”/“检测”，但我们希望在生产用例中使用其中的一些 IOCTL，并/或拒绝其他 IOCTL。 各个 OEM/SoC 负责根据其用户空间 Mali 库的配置，决定如何对其使用的 IOCTL 进行分类。 ARM 的列表可用于帮助决定这些内容，但每个 OEM/SoC 的用例可能有所不同。

حریم خصوصی

اندروید ۱۶ (سطح API ۳۶) شامل تغییرات حریم خصوصی زیر است.

مجوز شبکه محلی

具有 INTERNET 权限的任何应用都可以访问局域网中的设备。 这使得应用可以轻松连接到本地设备，但也存在隐私方面的影响，例如形成用户指纹，以及成为位置信息的代理。

本地网络保护项目旨在通过在新的运行时权限后限制对本地网络的访问，来保护用户的隐私。

发布计划

这项变更将分别在 25Q2 和 26Q2 这两个版本之间部署。 开发者必须遵循 25Q2 的相关指南并分享反馈，因为这些保护措施将在后续 Android 版本中强制执行。此外，他们还需要按照以下指南更新依赖于隐式本地网络访问权限的场景，并为用户拒绝和撤消新权限做好准备。

影响

在当前阶段，LNP 是一项选择启用功能，这意味着只有选择启用的应用会受到影响。选择启用阶段的目标是让应用开发者了解应用的哪些部分依赖于隐式本地网络访问权限，以便他们为下一个版本做好权限保护准备。

如果应用使用以下方式访问用户的本地网络，则会受到影响：

• 直接或通过库使用本地网络地址（例如 mDNS 或 SSDP 服务发现协议）上的原始套接字
• 使用可访问本地网络的框架级类（例如 NsdManager）

向本地网络地址发送流量和从本地网络地址接收流量需要本地网络访问权限。下表列出了一些常见情况：

这些限制是在网络堆栈深处实现的，因此适用于所有网络 API。这包括在原生代码或受管理代码中创建的套接字、Cronet 和 OkHttp 等网络库，以及基于这些库实现的任何 API。尝试解析本地网络上的服务（即带有 .local 后缀的服务）将需要本地网络权限。

上述规则的例外情况：

• 如果设备的 DNS 服务器位于本地网络上，则进出该服务器（位于端口 53）的流量不需要本地网络访问权限。
• 使用输出切换器作为其应用内选择器的应用将不需要本地网络权限（更多指南将在 2025 年第 4 季度发布）。

开发者指南（选择启用）

如需选择启用本地网络限制，请执行以下操作：

1. 将设备刷写到 25Q2 Beta 3 或更高版本的 build。
2. 安装要测试的应用。

3. 在 adb 中切换 Appcompat 标志：

   adb shell am compat enable RESTRICT_LOCAL_NETWORK <package_name>
   

4. 重启设备

现在，您的应用对本地网络的访问受到限制，任何访问本地网络的尝试都会导致套接字错误。如果您使用的 API 在应用进程之外执行本地网络操作（例如：NsdManager），在选择启用阶段，这些 API 不会受到影响。

如需恢复访问权限，您必须向应用授予 NEARBY_WIFI_DEVICES 权限。

1. 确保应用在其清单中声明了 NEARBY_WIFI_DEVICES 权限。
2. 依次前往设置 > 应用 > [应用名称] > 权限 > 附近的设备 > 允许。

现在，应用对本地网络的访问权限应该已恢复，并且所有场景都应像选择启用应用之前一样正常运行。

本地网络保护功能开始强制执行后，应用的网络流量将受到以下影响。

使用以下命令关闭应用兼容性标志

adb shell am compat disable RESTRICT_LOCAL_NETWORK <package_name>

错误

每当调用套接字调用 send 或 send 变体向本地网络地址发送数据时，系统都会向该套接字返回因这些限制而产生的错误。

错误示例：

sendto failed: EPERM (Operation not permitted)

sendto failed: ECONNABORTED (Operation not permitted)

本地网络定义

此项目中的本地网络是指使用支持广播的网络接口（例如 Wi-Fi 或以太网）的 IP 网络，但不包括移动网络 (WWAN) 或 VPN 连接。

以下网络被视为本地网络：

IPv4：

• 169.254.0.0/16 // 链路本地
• 100.64.0.0/10 // CGNAT
• 10.0.0.0/8 // RFC1918
• 172.16.0.0/12 // RFC1918
• 192.168.0.0/16 // RFC1918

IPv6：

• 链路本地
• 直接连接的路线
• Thread 等桩网络
• 多子网（待定）

此外，多播地址 (224.0.0.0/4、ff00::/8) 和 IPv4 广播地址 (255.255.255.255) 也被归类为本地网络地址。

عکس‌های متعلق به برنامه