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Mudanças de comportamento: todos os apps

A plataforma Android 16 inclui mudanças de comportamento que podem afetar seu app. As mudanças a seguir se aplicam a todos os apps quando executados no Android 16, independente da targetSdkVersion. Teste seu app e modifique-o conforme necessário para que ele ofereça suporte a essas mudanças.

Consulte também a lista de mudanças de comportamento que afetam apenas os apps destinados ao Android 16.

Principal recurso

O Android 16 (API de nível 36) inclui as seguintes mudanças que modificam ou expandem vários recursos principais do sistema Android.

Otimizações de cota do JobScheduler

从 Android 16 开始，我们将根据以下因素调整常规作业和加急作业的执行运行时配额：

应用所处的应用待机存储分区：在 Android 16 中，活跃待机存储分区将开始通过宽松的运行时配额强制执行。
如果作业在应用处于前台状态时开始执行：在 Android 16 中，如果作业在应用对用户可见时开始执行，并在应用变为不可见后继续执行，则会遵守作业运行时配额。
如果作业在运行前台服务时执行：在 Android 16 中，与前台服务同时执行的作业将遵守作业运行时配额。如果您利用作业进行用户发起的数据传输，请考虑改用用户发起的数据传输作业。

此变更会影响使用 WorkManager、JobScheduler 和 DownloadManager 调度的任务。如需调试作业停止的原因，我们建议您通过调用 WorkInfo.getStopReason()（对于 JobScheduler 作业，请调用 JobParameters.getStopReason()）来记录作业停止的原因。

如需了解应用的状态如何影响其可使用的资源，请参阅电源管理资源限制。如需详细了解电池优化方面的最佳实践，请参阅有关针对任务调度 API 优化电池使用的指南。

我们还建议利用 Android 16 中引入的新 JobScheduler#getPendingJobReasonsHistory API 来了解作业未执行的原因。

测试

如需测试应用的行为，只要应用在 Android 16 设备上运行，您就可以启用对某些作业配额优化功能的替换。

如需停用“顶级状态将遵守作业运行时配额”的强制执行，请运行以下 adb 命令：

adb shell am compat enable OVERRIDE_QUOTA_ENFORCEMENT_TO_TOP_STARTED_JOBS APP_PACKAGE_NAME

如需停用“在与前台服务同时执行时，作业将遵守作业运行时配额”的强制执行，请运行以下 adb 命令：

adb shell am compat enable OVERRIDE_QUOTA_ENFORCEMENT_TO_FGS_JOBS APP_PACKAGE_NAME

如需测试特定应用待机分桶行为，您可以使用以下 adb 命令设置应用的应用待机分桶：

adb shell am set-standby-bucket APP_PACKAGE_NAME active|working_set|frequent|rare|restricted

如需了解应用所在的待机分桶，您可以使用以下 adb 命令获取应用的待机分桶：

adb shell am get-standby-bucket APP_PACKAGE_NAME

Motivo da interrupção de jobs vazios abandonados

如果与作业关联的 JobParameters 对象已被垃圾回收，但尚未调用 JobService#jobFinished(JobParameters, boolean) 来指示作业已完成，则会发生作业被废弃的情况。这表示作业可能会在应用不知情的情况下运行和重新调度。

依赖于 JobScheduler 的应用不会维护对 JobParameters 对象的强引用，并且超时现在将获得新的作业停止原因 STOP_REASON_TIMEOUT_ABANDONED，而不是 STOP_REASON_TIMEOUT。

如果新的作业被废弃停止原因频繁出现，系统会采取缓解措施来降低作业频率。

应用应使用新的停止原因来检测和减少被废弃的作业。

如果您使用的是 WorkManager、AsyncTask 或 DownloadManager，则不会受到影响，因为这些 API 会代表您的应用管理作业生命周期。

Suspensão total de JobInfo#setImportantWhileForeground

JobInfo.Builder#setImportantWhileForeground(boolean) 方法用于在调度应用位于前台或暂时豁免于后台限制时指示作业的优先级。

自 Android 12（API 级别 31）起，此方法已废弃。从 Android 16 开始，它不再有效，系统会忽略调用此方法。

此功能移除也适用于 JobInfo#isImportantWhileForeground()。从 Android 16 开始，如果调用该方法，该方法会返回 false。

O escopo de prioridade de transmissão ordenada não é mais global

Android apps are allowed to define priorities on broadcast receivers to control the order in which the receivers receive and process the broadcast. For manifest-declared receivers, apps can use the android:priority attribute to define the priority and for context-registered receivers, apps can use the IntentFilter#setPriority() API to define the priority. When a broadcast is sent, the system delivers it to receivers in order of their priority, from highest to lowest.

In Android 16, broadcast delivery order using the android:priority attribute or IntentFilter#setPriority() across different processes will not be guaranteed. Broadcast priorities will only be respected within the same application process rather than across all processes.

Also, broadcast priorities will be automatically confined to the range (SYSTEM_LOW_PRIORITY + 1, SYSTEM_HIGH_PRIORITY - 1). Only system components will be allowed to set SYSTEM_LOW_PRIORITY, SYSTEM_HIGH_PRIORITY as broadcast priority.

Your app might be impacted if it does either of the following:

Your application has declared multiple processes with the same broadcast intent, and has expectations around receiving those intents in a certain order based on the priority.
Your application process interacts with other processes and has expectations around receiving a broadcast intent in a certain order.

If the processes need to coordinate with each other, they should communicate using other coordination channels.

Mudanças internas no ART

Android 16 包含 Android 运行时 (ART) 的最新更新，这些更新可提升 Android 运行时 (ART) 的性能，并支持更多 Java 功能。通过 Google Play 系统更新，搭载 Android 12（API 级别 31）及更高版本的 10 亿多部设备也将受益于这些改进。

发布这些变更后，依赖于 ART 内部结构的库和应用代码在搭载 Android 16 的设备以及通过 Google Play 系统更新来更新 ART 模块的较低 Android 版本上可能无法正常运行。

依赖于内部结构（例如非 SDK 接口）始终会导致兼容性问题，但避免依赖于利用内部 ART 结构的代码（或包含代码的库）尤为重要，因为 ART 更改与设备所运行的平台版本无关，并且会通过 Google Play 系统更新推送到超过 10 亿部设备。

所有开发者都应在 Android 16 上对其应用进行全面测试，以检查其应用是否受到影响。此外，请查看已知问题，了解您的应用是否依赖于我们发现的任何依赖于内部 ART 结构的库。如果您的应用代码或库依赖项受到影响，请尽可能寻找公共 API 替代方案，并在问题跟踪器中创建功能请求，为新用例请求公共 API。

Modo de compatibilidade de tamanho de página de 16 KB

Android 15 introduced support for 16 KB memory pages to optimize performance of the platform. Android 16 adds a compatibility mode, allowing some apps built for 4 KB memory pages to run on a device configured for 16 KB memory pages.

When your app is running on a device with Android 16 or higher, if Android detects that your app has 4 KB aligned memory pages, it automatically uses compatibility mode and display a notification dialog to the user. Setting the android:pageSizeCompat property in the AndroidManifest.xml to enable the backwards compatibility mode will prevent the display of the dialog when your app launches. To use the android:pageSizeCompat property, compile your app using the Android 16 SDK.

For best performance, reliability, and stability, your app should still be 16 KB aligned. Check out our recent blog post on updating your apps to support 16 KB memory pages for more details.

The compatibility mode dialog that displays when the system detects that a 4 KB-aligned app could run more optimally if 16 KB aligned.

Experiência do usuário e interface do sistema

O Android 16 (nível 36 da API) inclui as seguintes mudanças que visam criar uma experiência do usuário mais consistente e intuitiva.

Android 16 deprecates accessibility announcements, characterized by the use of announceForAccessibility or the dispatch of TYPE_ANNOUNCEMENT accessibility events. These can create inconsistent user experiences for users of TalkBack and Android's screen reader, and alternatives better serve a broader range of user needs across a variety of Android's assistive technologies.

Examples of alternatives:

For significant UI changes like window changes, use Activity.setTitle(CharSequence) and setAccessibilityPaneTitle(java.lang.CharSequence). In Compose, use Modifier.semantics { paneTitle = "paneTitle" }
To inform the user of changes to critical UI, use setAccessibilityLiveRegion(int). In Compose, use Modifier.semantics { liveRegion = LiveRegionMode.[Polite|Assertive]} . These should be used sparingly as they may generate announcements every time a View is updated.
To notify users about errors, send an AccessibilityEvent of type AccessibilityEvent#CONTENT_CHANGE_TYPE_ERROR and set AccessibilityNodeInfo#setError(CharSequence), or use TextView#setError(CharSequence).

The reference documentation for the deprecated announceForAccessibility API includes more details about suggested alternatives.

Compatibilidade com a navegação com três botões

Android 16 为已正确迁移到预测性返回的应用的三按钮导航栏引入了预测性返回支持。长按返回按钮会启动预测性返回动画，让您预览返回滑动手势会打开的界面。

此行为适用于系统中支持预测性返回动画的所有区域，包括系统动画（返回主屏幕、跨任务和跨 activity）。

“三按钮”导航模式下的预测性返回动画。

Ícones temáticos automáticos de apps

Beginning with Android 16 QPR 2, Android automatically applies themes to app icons to create a cohesive home screen experience. This occurs if an app does not provide its own themed app icon. Apps can control the design of their themed app icon by including a monochrome layer within their adaptive icon and previewing what their app icon will look like in Android Studio.

Formatos de dispositivos

O Android 16 (nível 36 da API) inclui as seguintes mudanças para apps quando projetados em telas por proprietários de dispositivos virtuais.

Substituições do proprietário do dispositivo virtual

A virtual device owner is a trusted or privileged app that creates and manages a virtual device. Virtual device owners run apps on a virtual device and then project the apps to the display of a remote device, such as a personal computer, virtual reality device, or car infotainment system. The virtual device owner is on a local device, such as a mobile phone.

Virtual device owner on phone creates virtual device that projects app to remote display.

Per-app overrides

On devices running Android 16 (API level 36), virtual device owners can override app settings on select virtual devices that the virtual device owners manage. For example, to improve app layout, a virtual device owner can ignore orientation, aspect ratio, and resizability restrictions when projecting apps onto an external display.

Common breaking changes

The Android 16 behavior might impact your app's UI on large screen form factors such as car displays or Chromebooks, especially layouts that were designed for small displays in portrait orientation. To learn how to make your app adaptive for all device form factors, see About adaptive layouts.

References

Companion app streaming

Segurança

O Android 16 (nível da API 36) inclui mudanças que promovem a segurança do sistema para ajudar a proteger apps e usuários contra apps maliciosos.

Segurança aprimorada contra ataques de redirecionamento de intent

Android 16 provides default security against general Intent redirection attacks, with minimum compatibility and developer changes required.

We are introducing by-default security hardening solutions to Intent redirection exploits. In most cases, apps that use intents normally won't experience any compatibility issues; we've gathered metrics throughout our development process to monitor which apps might experience breakages.

Intent redirection in Android occurs when an attacker can partly or fully control the contents of an intent used to launch a new component in the context of a vulnerable app, while the victim app launches an untrusted sub-level intent in an extras field of an ("top-level") Intent. This can lead to the attacker app launching private components in the context of the victim app, triggering privileged actions, or gaining URI access to sensitive data, potentially leading to data theft and arbitrary code execution.

Opt out of Intent redirection handling

Android 16 introduces a new API that allows apps to opt out of launch security protections. This might be necessary in specific cases where the default security behavior interferes with legitimate app use cases.

For applications compiling against Android 16 (API level 36) SDK or higher

You can directly use the removeLaunchSecurityProtection() method on the Intent object.

val i = intent
val iSublevel: Intent? = i.getParcelableExtra("sub_intent")
iSublevel?.removeLaunchSecurityProtection() // Opt out from hardening
iSublevel?.let { startActivity(it) }

For applications compiling against Android 15 (API level 35) or lower

While not recommended, you can use reflection to access the removeLaunchSecurityProtection() method.

val i = intent
val iSublevel: Intent? = i.getParcelableExtra("sub_intent", Intent::class.java)
try {
    val removeLaunchSecurityProtection = Intent::class.java.getDeclaredMethod("removeLaunchSecurityProtection")
    removeLaunchSecurityProtection.invoke(iSublevel)
} catch (e: Exception) {
    // Handle the exception, e.g., log it
} // Opt-out from the security hardening using reflection
iSublevel?.let { startActivity(it) }

Os apps complementares não recebem mais notificações de tempo limite de descoberta

Android 16 introduces a new behavior during companion device pairing flow to protect the user's location privacy from malicious apps. All companion apps running on Android 16 are no longer directly notified of discovery timeout using RESULT_DISCOVERY_TIMEOUT. Instead, the user is notified of timeout events with a visual dialog. When the user dismisses the dialog, the app is alerted of the association failure with RESULT_USER_REJECTED.

The search duration has also been extended from the original 20 seconds, and the device discovery can be stopped by the user at any point during the search. If at least one device was discovered within the first 20 seconds of starting the search, the CDM stops searching for additional devices.

Conectividade

O Android 16 (nível 36 da API) inclui as seguintes mudanças na pilha Bluetooth para melhorar a conectividade com dispositivos periféricos.

Melhoria no tratamento de perdas de títulos

从 Android 16 开始，蓝牙堆栈已更新，以便在检测到远程配对丢失时提高安全性和用户体验。以前，系统会自动解除配对并启动新的配对流程，这可能会导致意外重新配对。在许多情况下，我们发现应用未以一致的方式处理债券损失事件。

为了统一体验，Android 16 改进了系统的绑定丢失处理。如果之前配对的蓝牙设备在重新连接时无法进行身份验证，系统会断开关联，保留本地配对信息，并显示系统对话框，告知用户配对已断开并指示他们重新配对。