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Changements de comportement : toutes les applications

La plate-forme Android 16 apporte des modifications de comportement susceptibles d'affecter votre application. Les modifications de comportement suivantes s'appliquent à toutes les applications lorsqu'elles s'exécutent sur Android 16, peu importe la targetSdkVersion. Vous devez tester votre application, puis la modifier si nécessaire afin de prendre en charge ces modifications, le cas échéant.

Veillez également à consulter la liste des modifications de comportement qui n'affectent que les applications ciblant Android 16.

Fonctionnalité de base

Android 16 (niveau d'API 36) inclut les modifications suivantes qui modifient ou étendent diverses fonctionnalités de base du système Android.

Optimisations des quotas JobScheduler

Starting in Android 16, we're adjusting regular and expedited job execution runtime quota based on the following factors:

Which app standby bucket the application is in: in Android 16, active standby buckets will start being enforced by a generous runtime quota.
If the job starts execution while the app is in a top state: in Android 16, Jobs started while the app is visible to the user and continues after the app becomes invisible, will adhere to the job runtime quota.
If the job is executing while running a Foreground Service: in Android 16, jobs that are executing while concurrently with a foreground service will adhere to the job runtime quota. If you're leveraging jobs for user initiated data transfer, consider using user initiated data transfer jobs instead.

This change impacts tasks scheduled using WorkManager, JobScheduler, and DownloadManager. To debug why a job was stopped, we recommend logging why your job was stopped by calling WorkInfo.getStopReason() (for JobScheduler jobs, call JobParameters.getStopReason()).

For more information on battery-optimal best practices, refer to guidance on optimize battery use for task scheduling APIs.

We also recommend leveraging the new JobScheduler#getPendingJobReasonsHistory API introduced in Android 16 to understand why a job has not executed.

Testing

To test your app's behavior, you can enable override of certain job quota optimizations as long as the app is running on an Android 16 device.

To disable enforcement of "top state will adhere to job runtime quota", run the following adb command:

adb shell am compat enable OVERRIDE_QUOTA_ENFORCEMENT_TO_TOP_STARTED_JOBS APP_PACKAGE_NAME

To disable enforcement of "jobs that are executing while concurrently with a foreground service will adhere to the job runtime quota", run the following adb command:

adb shell am compat enable OVERRIDE_QUOTA_ENFORCEMENT_TO_FGS_JOBS APP_PACKAGE_NAME

To test certain app standby bucket behavior, you can set the app standby bucket of your app using the following adb command:

adb shell am set-standby-bucket APP_PACKAGE_NAME active|working_set|frequent|rare|restricted

To understand the app standby bucket your app is in, you can get the app standby bucket of your app using the following adb command:

adb shell am get-standby-bucket APP_PACKAGE_NAME

Motif d'arrêt des tâches vides abandonnées

An abandoned job occurs when the JobParameters object associated with the job has been garbage collected, but JobService#jobFinished(JobParameters, boolean) has not been called to signal job completion. This indicates that the job may be running and being rescheduled without the app's awareness.

Apps that rely on JobScheduler, don't maintain a strong reference to the JobParameters object, and timeout will now be granted the new job stop reason STOP_REASON_TIMEOUT_ABANDONED, instead of STOP_REASON_TIMEOUT.

If there are frequent occurrences of the new abandoned stop reason, the system will take mitigation steps to reduce job frequency.

Apps should use the new stop reason to detect and reduce abandoned jobs.

If you're using WorkManager, AsyncTask, or DownloadManager, you aren't impacted because these APIs manage the job lifecycle on your app's behalf.

Abandon complet de JobInfo#setImportantWhileForeground

The JobInfo.Builder#setImportantWhileForeground(boolean) method indicates the importance of a job while the scheduling app is in the foreground or when temporarily exempted from background restrictions.

This method has been deprecated since Android 12 (API level 31). Starting in Android 16, it no longer functions effectively and calling this method will be ignored.

This removal of functionality also applies to JobInfo#isImportantWhileForeground(). Starting in Android 16, if the method is called, the method returns false.

Champ d'application de la priorité de diffusion ordonnée n'est plus global

Android apps are allowed to define priorities on broadcast receivers to control the order in which the receivers receive and process the broadcast. For manifest-declared receivers, apps can use the android:priority attribute to define the priority and for context-registered receivers, apps can use the IntentFilter#setPriority() API to define the priority. When a broadcast is sent, the system delivers it to receivers in order of their priority, from highest to lowest.

In Android 16, broadcast delivery order using the android:priority attribute or IntentFilter#setPriority() across different processes will not be guaranteed. Broadcast priorities will only be respected within the same application process rather than across all processes.

Also, broadcast priorities will be automatically confined to the range (SYSTEM_LOW_PRIORITY + 1, SYSTEM_HIGH_PRIORITY - 1). Only system components will be allowed to set SYSTEM_LOW_PRIORITY, SYSTEM_HIGH_PRIORITY as broadcast priority.

Your app might be impacted if it does either of the following:

Your application has declared multiple processes with the same broadcast intent, and has expectations around receiving those intents in a certain order based on the priority.
Your application process interacts with other processes and has expectations around receiving a broadcast intent in a certain order.

If the processes need to coordinate with each other, they should communicate using other coordination channels.

Modifications internes d'ART

Android 16 includes the latest updates to the Android Runtime (ART) that improve the Android Runtime's (ART's) performance and provide support for additional Java features. Through Google Play System updates, these improvements are also available to over a billion devices running Android 12 (API level 31) and higher.

As these changes are released, libraries and app code that rely on internal structures of ART might not work correctly on devices running Android 16, along with earlier Android versions that update the ART module through Google Play system updates.

Relying on internal structures (such as non-SDK interfaces) can always lead to compatibility problems, but it's particularly important to avoid relying on code (or libraries containing code) that leverages internal ART structures, since ART changes aren't tied to the platform version the device is running on and they go out to over a billion devices through Google Play system updates.

All developers should check whether their app is impacted by testing their apps thoroughly on Android 16. In addition, check the known issues to see if your app depends on any libraries that we've identified that rely on internal ART structures. If you do have app code or library dependencies that are affected, seek public API alternatives whenever possible and request public APIs for new use cases by creating a feature request in our issue tracker.

Mode de compatibilité de taille de page de 16 ko

Android 15 introduced support for 16 KB memory pages to optimize performance of the platform. Android 16 adds a compatibility mode, allowing some apps built for 4 KB memory pages to run on a device configured for 16 KB memory pages.

If Android detects that your app has 4 KB aligned memory pages, it automatically uses compatibility mode and display a notification dialog to the user. Setting the android:pageSizeCompat property in the AndroidManifest.xml to enable the backwards compatibility mode will prevent the display of the dialog when your app launches. For best performance, reliability, and stability, your app should still be 16 KB aligned. Check out our recent blog post on updating your apps to support 16 KB memory pages for more details.

The compatibility mode dialog that displays when the system detects that a 4 KB-aligned app could run more optimally if 16 KB aligned.

Expérience utilisateur et interface utilisateur du système

Android 16 (niveau d'API 36) inclut les modifications suivantes, qui visent à créer une expérience utilisateur plus cohérente et intuitive.

Android 16 deprecates accessibility announcements, characterized by the use of announceForAccessibility or the dispatch of TYPE_ANNOUNCEMENT accessibility events. These can create inconsistent user experiences for users of TalkBack and Android's screen reader, and alternatives better serve a broader range of user needs across a variety of Android's assistive technologies.

Examples of alternatives:

For significant UI changes like window changes, use Activity.setTitle(CharSequence) and setAccessibilityPaneTitle(java.lang.CharSequence). In Compose, use Modifier.semantics { paneTitle = "paneTitle" }
To inform the user of changes to critical UI, use setAccessibilityLiveRegion(int). In Compose, use Modifier.semantics { liveRegion = LiveRegionMode.[Polite|Assertive]} . These should be used sparingly as they may generate announcements every time a View is updated.
To notify users about errors, send an AccessibilityEvent of type AccessibilityEvent#CONTENT_CHANGE_TYPE_ERROR and set AccessibilityNodeInfo#setError(CharSequence), or use TextView#setError(CharSequence).

The reference documentation for the deprecated announceForAccessibility API includes more details about suggested alternatives.

Prise en charge de la navigation à trois boutons

Android 16 prend en charge la prévisualisation du Retour dans la navigation à trois boutons pour les applications qui ont correctement migré vers la prévisualisation du Retour. Appuyer de manière prolongée sur le bouton Retour déclenche une animation de prévisualisation du Retour, qui vous permet de prévisualiser la page vers laquelle le geste Retour vous redirige.

Ce comportement s'applique à toutes les zones du système compatibles avec les animations de prévisualisation du Retour, y compris les animations système (retour à l'écran d'accueil, multitâche et multi-activité).

Animations de prévisualisation du Retour en mode navigation à trois boutons.

Facteurs de forme des appareils

Android 16 (niveau d'API 36) inclut les modifications suivantes pour les applications lorsqu'elles sont projetées sur des écrans par les propriétaires d'appareils virtuels.

Remplacements du propriétaire de l'appareil virtuel

A virtual device owner is a trusted or privileged app that creates and manages a virtual device. Virtual device owners run apps on a virtual device and then project the apps to the display of a remote device, such as a personal computer, virtual reality device, or car infotainment system. The virtual device owner is on a local device, such as a mobile phone.

Virtual device owner on phone creates virtual device that projects app to remote display.

Per-app overrides

On devices running Android 16 (API level 36), virtual device owners can override app settings on select virtual devices that the virtual device owners manage. For example, to improve app layout, a virtual device owner can ignore orientation, aspect ratio, and resizability restrictions when projecting apps onto an external display.

Common breaking changes

The Android 16 behavior might impact your app's UI on large screen form factors such as car displays or Chromebooks, especially layouts that were designed for small displays in portrait orientation. To learn how to make your app adaptive for all device form factors, see About adaptive layouts.

References

Companion app streaming

Sécurité

Android 16 (niveau d'API 36) inclut des modifications qui favorisent la sécurité du système pour aider à protéger les applications et les utilisateurs contre les applications malveillantes.

Amélioration de la sécurité contre les attaques de redirection d'intent

Android 16 提供了针对常规 Intent 重定向攻击的默认安全防护，并且所需的兼容性和开发者更改最少。

我们将默认针对 Intent 重定向漏洞引入安全增强解决方案。在大多数情况下，使用 intent 的应用通常不会遇到任何兼容性问题；我们在整个开发过程中收集了指标，以监控哪些应用可能会出现故障。

当攻击者部分或完全控制用于在存在漏洞的应用上下文中启动新组件的 intent 内容时，就会出现 Android 中的intent 重定向，而受害应用会在 intent（“顶级”intent）的 extras 字段中启动不可信的子级 intent。这可能会导致攻击者应用在受害应用上下文中启动私有组件、触发特权操作或获得对敏感数据的 URI 访问权限，从而可能导致数据被盗和任意代码执行。

停用 intent 重定向处理

Android 16 引入了一个新 API，允许应用选择停用启动安全保护。在默认安全行为干扰合法应用用例的特定情况下，这可能很有必要。

对于针对 Android 16（API 级别 36）SDK 或更高版本进行编译的应用

您可以直接对 intent 对象使用 removeLaunchSecurityProtection() 方法。

val i = intent
val iSublevel: Intent? = i.getParcelableExtra("sub_intent")
iSublevel?.removeLaunchSecurityProtection() // Opt out from hardening
iSublevel?.let { startActivity(it) }

对于针对 Android 15（API 级别 35）或更低版本进行编译的应用

虽然不建议这样做，但您可以使用反射来访问 removeLaunchSecurityProtection() 方法。

val i = intent
val iSublevel: Intent? = i.getParcelableExtra("sub_intent", Intent::class.java)
try {
    val removeLaunchSecurityProtection = Intent::class.java.getDeclaredMethod("removeLaunchSecurityProtection")
    removeLaunchSecurityProtection.invoke(iSublevel)
} catch (e: Exception) {
    // Handle the exception, e.g., log it
} // Opt-out from the security hardening using reflection
iSublevel?.let { startActivity(it) }

Connectivité

Android 16 (niveau d'API 36) inclut les modifications suivantes dans la pile Bluetooth pour améliorer la connectivité avec les périphériques.

Amélioration de la gestion des pertes de titres

Starting in Android 16, the Bluetooth stack has been updated to improve security and user experience when a remote bond loss is detected. Previously, the system would automatically remove the bond and initiate a new pairing process, which could lead to unintentional re-pairing. We have seen in many instances apps not taking care of the bond loss event in a consistent way.

To unify the experience, Android 16 improved the bond loss handling to the system. If a previously bonded Bluetooth device could not be authenticated upon reconnection, the system will disconnect the link, retain local bond information, and display a system dialog informing users of the bond loss and directing them to re-pair.