ViewModel 概览(视图)

概念和 Jetpack Compose 实现

ViewModel 类是一种业务逻辑或屏幕级状态容器。它用于将状态公开给界面,以及封装相关的业务逻辑。 它的主要优点是,它可以缓存状态,并可在配置更改后持久保留相应状态。这意味着在 activity 之间导航时或进行配置更改后(例如旋转屏幕时),界面将无需重新提取数据。

ViewModel 的优势

ViewModel 的替代方案是保存要在界面中显示的数据的普通类。在 activity 或 Navigation 目的地之间导航时,这可能会造成问题。此时,如果您不利用保存的实例状态机制存储相应数据,系统便会销毁相应数据。ViewModel 提供了一个便捷的数据持久性 API,可以解决此问题。

ViewModel 类的主要优势实际上有两个方面:

  • 它允许您持久保留界面状态。
  • 它可以提供对业务逻辑的访问权限。

范围

实例化 ViewModel 时,您会向其传递实现 ViewModelStoreOwner 接口的对象。它可能是 Navigation 目的地、Navigation 图表、activity、fragment 或实现接口的任何其他类型。然后,ViewModel 的作用域将限定为 ViewModelStoreOwnerLifecycle。它会一直保留在内存中,直到其 ViewModelStoreOwner 永久消失。

有一系列类是 ViewModelStoreOwner 接口的直接或间接子类。直接子类为 ComponentActivityFragmentNavBackStackEntry。如需查看间接子类的完整列表,请参阅 ViewModelStoreOwner 参考文档

实现 ViewModel

以下是用户掷骰子屏幕的 ViewModel 实现示例。

Kotlin

data class DiceUiState(
    val firstDieValue: Int? = null,
    val secondDieValue: Int? = null,
    val numberOfRolls: Int = 0,
)

class DiceRollViewModel : ViewModel() {

    // Expose screen UI state
    private val _uiState = MutableStateFlow(DiceUiState())
    val uiState: StateFlow<DiceUiState> = _uiState.asStateFlow()

    // Handle business logic
    fun rollDice() {
        _uiState.update { currentState ->
            currentState.copy(
                firstDieValue = Random.nextInt(from = 1, until = 7),
                secondDieValue = Random.nextInt(from = 1, until = 7),
                numberOfRolls = currentState.numberOfRolls + 1,
            )
        }
    }
}

Java

public class DiceUiState {
    private final Integer firstDieValue;
    private final Integer secondDieValue;
    private final int numberOfRolls;

    // ...
}

public class DiceRollViewModel extends ViewModel {

    private final MutableLiveData<DiceUiState> uiState =
        new MutableLiveData(new DiceUiState(null, null, 0));
    public LiveData<DiceUiState> getUiState() {
        return uiState;
    }

    public void rollDice() {
        Random random = new Random();
        uiState.setValue(
            new DiceUiState(
                random.nextInt(7) + 1,
                random.nextInt(7) + 1,
                uiState.getValue().getNumberOfRolls() + 1
            )
        );
    }
}

然后,您可以从 activity 访问 ViewModel,如下所示:

Kotlin

import androidx.activity.viewModels

class DiceRollActivity : AppCompatActivity() {

    override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
        // Create a ViewModel the first time the system calls an activity's onCreate() method.
        // Re-created activities receive the same DiceRollViewModel instance created by the first activity.

        // Use the 'by viewModels()' Kotlin property delegate
        // from the activity-ktx artifact
        val viewModel: DiceRollViewModel by viewModels()
        lifecycleScope.launch {
            repeatOnLifecycle(Lifecycle.State.STARTED) {
                viewModel.uiState.collect {
                    // Update UI elements
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

Java

public class MyActivity extends AppCompatActivity {
    public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);

        // Create a ViewModel the first time the system calls an activity's onCreate() method.
        // Re-created activities receive the same MyViewModel instance created by the first activity.
        DiceRollViewModel model = new ViewModelProvider(this).get(DiceRollViewModel.class);
        model.getUiState().observe(this, uiState -> {
            // update UI
        });
    }
}