Los tipos de servicio en primer plano son obligatorios

To help developers be more intentional with defining user-facing foreground services, Android 10 introduced the android:foregroundServiceType attribute within the <service> element.

If your app targets Android 14, it must specify appropriate foreground service types. As in previous versions of Android, multiple types can be combined. This list shows the foreground service types to choose from:

If a use case in your app isn't associated with any of these types, we strongly recommend that you migrate your logic to use WorkManager or user-initiated data transfer jobs.

The health, remoteMessaging, shortService, specialUse, and systemExempted types are new in Android 14.

The following code snippet provides an example of a foreground service type declaration in the manifest:

<manifest ...>
  <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.FOREGROUND_SERVICE" />
  <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.FOREGROUND_SERVICE_MEDIA_PLAYBACK" />
    <application ...>
      <service
          android:name=".MyMediaPlaybackService"
          android:foregroundServiceType="mediaPlayback"
          android:exported="false">
      </service>
    </application>
</manifest>

If an app that targets Android 14 doesn't define types for a given service in the manifest, then the system will raise MissingForegroundServiceTypeException upon calling startForeground() for that service.

Declara un nuevo permiso para usar tipos de servicio en primer plano

如果以 Android 14 为目标平台的应用使用前台服务，则必须根据前台服务类型声明 Android 14 中引入的特定权限。这些权限显示在本页每种前台服务类型的预期用例和强制执行部分中标记为“您必须在清单文件中声明的权限”的部分。

所有这些权限都定义为一般权限，并默认授予。用户无法撤消这些权限。

Incluye el tipo de servicio en primer plano durante el tiempo de ejecución

The best practice for applications starting foreground services is to use the ServiceCompat version of startForeground() (available in androidx-core 1.12 and higher) where you pass in a bitwise integer of foreground service types. You can choose to pass one or more type values.

Usually, you should declare only the types required for a particular use case. This makes it easier to meet the system's expectations for each foreground service type. In cases where a foreground service is started with multiple types, then the foreground service must adhere to the platform enforcement requirements of all types.

ServiceCompat.startForeground(0, notification, FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_LOCATION)

If the foreground service type is not specified in the call, the type defaults to the values defined in the manifest. If you didn't specify the service type in the manifest, the system throws MissingForegroundServiceTypeException.

If the foreground service needs new permissions after you launch it, you should call startForeground() again and add the new service types. For example, suppose a fitness app runs a running-tracker service that always needs location information, but might or might not need media permissions. You would need to declare both location and mediaPlayback in the manifest. If a user starts a run and just wants their location tracked, your app should call startForeground() and pass just the location service type. Then, if the user wants to start playing audio, call startForeground() again and pass location|mediaPlayback.

Verificaciones del tiempo de ejecución del sistema

系统会检查前台服务类型的使用是否恰当，并确认应用是否已请求适当的运行时权限或使用所需的 API。例如，系统希望使用前台服务类型 FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_LOCATION 的应用请求 ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION 或 ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION。

这意味着，在向用户请求权限和启动前台服务时，应用必须遵循非常具体的操作顺序。应用在尝试调用 startForeground() 之前，必须先请求并获得所需的权限。在启动前台服务后请求相应权限的应用必须更改此顺序，并在启动前台服务之前请求该权限。

本页面的每种前台服务类型的预期用例和强制执行部分中标记为“运行时要求”的部分列出了平台强制执行的具体内容。

Casos de uso previstos y aplicación forzosa para cada tipo de servicio en primer plano

为了使用给定的前台服务类型，您必须在清单文件中声明特定权限，必须满足特定的运行时要求，并且应用必须满足该类型的其中一组预期用例。以下部分介绍了您必须声明的权限、运行时前提条件以及每种类型的预期用例。

Cámara

Foreground service type to declare in manifest under android:foregroundServiceType
camera
Permission to declare in your manifest
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_CAMERA
Constant to pass to startForeground()
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_CAMERA
Runtime prerequisites

Request and be granted the CAMERA runtime permission

Note: The CAMERA runtime permission is subject to while-in-use restrictions. For this reason, you cannot create a camera foreground service while your app is in the background, with a few exceptions. For more information, see Restrictions on starting foreground services that need while-in-use permissions.

Description

Continue to access the camera from the background, such as video chat apps that allow for multitasking.

Dispositivo conectado

要在清单中的以下位置声明的前台服务类型
android:foregroundServiceType
connectedDevice
在清单中声明的权限
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_CONNECTED_DEVICE
要传递给 startForeground() 的常量
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_CONNECTED_DEVICE
运行时前提条件

必须至少满足以下其中一个条件：

说明

与需要蓝牙、NFC、IR、USB 或网络连接的外部设备进行互动。

替代方案

如果您的应用需要向外部设备持续传输数据，请考虑改用配套设备管理器。使用配套设备感知 API，可帮助您的应用在配套设备在范围内时保持运行。

如果您的应用需要扫描蓝牙设备，请考虑改用 Bluetooth Scan API。

Sincronización de datos

Tipo de servicio en primer plano que se declarará en el manifiesto en
android:foregroundServiceType
dataSync
Permiso para declarar en tu manifiesto
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_DATA_SYNC
Constante para pasar a startForeground()
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_DATA_SYNC
Requisitos previos del entorno de ejecución
Ninguno
Descripción

Operaciones de transferencia de datos, como las siguientes:

  • Sube o descarga de datos
  • Operaciones de copia de seguridad y restablecimiento
  • Operaciones de importación o exportación
  • Cómo obtener datos
  • Procesamiento de archivos locales
  • Cómo transferir datos entre un dispositivo y la nube a través de una red
Alternativas

Consulta Alternativas a los servicios en primer plano de sincronización de datos para obtener información detallada.

Salud

Tipo de servicio en primer plano que se declarará en el manifiesto en
android:foregroundServiceType
health
Permiso para declarar en tu manifiesto
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_HEALTH
Es la constante que se pasa a startForeground().
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_HEALTH
Requisitos previos del entorno de ejecución

Debe cumplirse mínimo una de las siguientes condiciones:

Nota: Los permisos de tiempo de ejecución de lectura BODY_SENSORS y basados en sensores están sujetos a restricciones durante el uso. Por este motivo, no puedes crear un servicio en primer plano health que use sensores corporales mientras tu app está en segundo plano, a menos que se te hayan otorgado los permisos BODY_SENSORS_BACKGROUND (nivel de API 33 a 35) o READ_HEALTH_DATA_IN_BACKGROUND (nivel de API 36 y versiones posteriores). Para obtener más información, consulta Restringe el inicio de servicios en primer plano que necesiten permisos durante el uso.

Descripción

Cualquier caso de uso de larga duración para admitir apps de la categoría de entrenamiento, como monitoreos de ejercicios

Ubicación

要在清单中的以下位置声明的前台服务类型
android:foregroundServiceType
location
在清单中声明的权限
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_LOCATION
要传递给 startForeground() 的常量
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_LOCATION
运行时前提条件

用户必须已启用位置信息服务，并且应用必须至少获得以下一项运行时权限：

注意：如需检查用户是否已启用位置信息服务以及是否已授予对运行时权限的访问权限，请使用 PermissionChecker#checkSelfPermission()

注意：位置信息运行时权限受“使用期间”限制。因此，除非您已获得 ACCESS_BACKGROUND_LOCATION 运行时权限，否则无法在应用在后台运行时创建 location 前台服务。如需了解详情，请参阅与启动需要“使用时”权限的前台服务相关的限制。

说明

需要位置信息使用权的长时间运行的用例，例如导航和位置信息分享。

替代方案

如果您的应用需要在用户到达特定位置时触发，请考虑改用 Geofence API。

Contenido multimedia

Foreground service type to declare in manifest under
android:foregroundServiceType
mediaPlayback
Permission to declare in your manifest
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_MEDIA_PLAYBACK
Constant to pass to startForeground()
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_MEDIA_PLAYBACK
Runtime prerequisites
None
Description
Continue audio or video playback from the background. Support Digital Video Recording (DVR) functionality on Android TV.
Alternatives
If you're showing picture-in-picture video, use Picture-in-Picture mode.

Proyección de contenido multimedia

Foreground service type to declare in manifest under
android:foregroundServiceType
mediaProjection
Permission to declare in your manifest
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_MEDIA_PROJECTION
Constant to pass to startForeground()
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_MEDIA_PROJECTION
Runtime prerequisites

Call the createScreenCaptureIntent() method before starting the foreground service. Doing so shows a permission notification to the user; the user must grant the permission before you can create the service.

After you have created the foreground service, you can call MediaProjectionManager.getMediaProjection().

Description

Project content to non-primary display or external device using the MediaProjection APIs. This content doesn't have to be exclusively media content.

Alternatives

To stream media to another device, use the Google Cast SDK.

Micrófono

Foreground service type to declare in manifest under
android:foregroundServiceType
microphone
Permission to declare in your manifest
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_MICROPHONE
Constant to pass to startForeground()
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_MICROPHONE
Runtime prerequisites

Request and be granted the RECORD_AUDIO runtime permission.

Note: The RECORD_AUDIO runtime permission is subject to while-in-use restrictions. For this reason, you cannot create a microphone foreground service while your app is in the background, with a few exceptions. For more information, see Restrictions on starting foreground services that need while-in-use permissions.

Description

Continue microphone capture from the background, such as voice recorders or communication apps.

Llamada telefónica

Tipo de servicio en primer plano que se declarará en el manifiesto en
android:foregroundServiceType
phoneCall
Permiso para declarar en tu manifiesto
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_PHONE_CALL
Constante para pasar a startForeground()
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_PHONE_CALL
Requisitos previos del entorno de ejecución

Debe cumplirse al menos una de las siguientes condiciones:

  • La app es la app de teléfono predeterminada a través del rol ROLE_DIALER.
Descripción

Continúa una llamada en curso con las APIs de ConnectionService.

Alternativas

Si necesitas hacer llamadas telefónicas, por video o por VoIP, considera usar la biblioteca android.telecom.

Considera usar CallScreeningService para filtrar llamadas.

Mensajería remota

Tipo de servicio en primer plano que se declarará en el manifiesto en
android:foregroundServiceType
remoteMessaging
Permiso para declarar en tu manifiesto
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_REMOTE_MESSAGING
Constante para pasar a startForeground()
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_REMOTE_MESSAGING
Requisitos previos del entorno de ejecución
Ninguno
Descripción
Transfiere mensajes de texto de un dispositivo a otro. Brinda asistencia para la continuidad de las tareas de mensajería de un usuario cuando este cambia de dispositivo.

Servicio corto

Foreground service type to declare in manifest under
android:foregroundServiceType
shortService
Permission to declare in your manifest
None
Constant to pass to startForeground()
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_SHORT_SERVICE
Runtime prerequisites
None
Description

Quickly finish critical work that cannot be interrupted or postponed.

This type has some unique characteristics:

  • Can only run for a short period of time (about 3 minutes).
  • No support for sticky foreground services.
  • Cannot start other foreground services.
  • Doesn't require a type-specific permission, though it still requires the FOREGROUND_SERVICE permission.
  • A shortService can only change to another service type if the app is currently eligible to start a new foreground service.
  • A foreground service can change its type to shortService at any time, at which point the timeout period begins.

The timeout for shortService begins from the moment that Service.startForeground() is called. The app is expected to call Service.stopSelf() or Service.stopForeground() before the timeout occurs. Otherwise, the new Service.onTimeout() is called, giving apps a brief opportunity to call stopSelf() or stopForeground() to stop their service.

A short time after Service.onTimeout() is called, the app enters a cached state and is no longer considered to be in the foreground, unless the user is actively interacting with the app. A short time after the app is cached and the service has not stopped, the app receives an ANR. The ANR message mentions FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_SHORT_SERVICE. For these reasons, it's considered best practice to implement the Service.onTimeout() callback.

The Service.onTimeout() callback doesn't exist on Android 13 and lower. If the same service runs on such devices, it doesn't receive a timeout, nor does it ANR. Make sure that your service stops as soon as it finishes the processing task, even if it hasn't received the Service.onTimeout() callback yet.

It's important to note that if the timeout of the shortService is not respected, the app will ANR even if it has other valid foreground services or other app lifecycle processes running.

If an app is visible to the user or satisfies one of the exemptions that allow foreground services to be started from the background, calling Service.StartForeground() again with the FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_SHORT_SERVICE parameter extends the timeout by another 3 minutes. If the app isn't visible to the user and doesn't satisfy one of the exemptions, any attempt to start another foreground service, regardless of type, causes a ForegroundServiceStartNotAllowedException.

If a user disables battery optimization for your app, it's still affected by the timeout of shortService FGS.

If you start a foreground service that includes the shortService type and another foreground service type, the system ignores the shortService type declaration. However, the service must still adhere to the prerequisites of the other declared types. For more information, see the Foreground services documentation.

Uso especial

Tipo de servicio en primer plano que se declarará en el manifiesto en
android:foregroundServiceType
specialUse
Permiso para declarar en tu manifiesto
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_SPECIAL_USE
Constante para pasar a startForeground()
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_SPECIAL_USE
Requisitos previos del entorno de ejecución
Ninguno
Descripción

Abarca todos los casos de uso válidos de servicios en primer plano que no están cubiertos por los otros tipos de servicios en primer plano.

Además de declarar el tipo de servicio en primer plano de FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_SPECIAL_USE, los desarrolladores deben declarar casos de uso en el manifiesto. Para ello, especifican el elemento <property> dentro del objeto <service>. Estos valores y los casos de uso correspondientes se revisan cuando envías tu app en Google Play Console. El uso son de formato libre, y debes asegurarte de proporcionar suficientes información para que el revisor pueda ver por qué necesitas usar specialUse el tipo de letra.

<service android:name="fooService" android:foregroundServiceType="specialUse">
  <property android:name="android.app.PROPERTY_SPECIAL_USE_FGS_SUBTYPE"
      android:value="explanation_for_special_use"/>
</service>

Sistema exento

Tipo de servicio en primer plano que se declarará en el manifiesto en
android:foregroundServiceType
systemExempted
Permiso para declarar en tu manifiesto
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_SYSTEM_EXEMPTED
Constante para pasar a startForeground()
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_SYSTEM_EXEMPTED
Requisitos previos del entorno de ejecución
Ninguno
Descripción

Reservado para aplicaciones del sistema y integraciones de sistemas específicos, para continuar usando los servicios en primer plano.

Para usar este tipo, una app debe cumplir con mínimo uno de los siguientes criterios:

Aplicación forzosa de las políticas de Google Play para usar tipos de servicios en primer plano

Si tu app se segmenta para Android 14 o versiones posteriores, deberás declarar los tipos de servicios en primer plano de la app en la página Contenido de la app de Play Console (Política > Contenido de la app). Para obtener más información sobre cómo declarar los tipos de servicios en primer plano en Play Console, consulta Información sobre los requisitos de los intents de pantalla completa y los servicios en primer plano.