Zadbaj o dobrą organizację dzięki kolekcji
Zapisuj i kategoryzuj treści zgodnie ze swoimi preferencjami.
Aby rysować w grze obiekty i sprite’y, musisz skonfigurować
zmienne wyświetlania, powierzchni i kontekstu,
konfigurowanie renderowania w pętli gry;
i rysować poszczególne sceny i obiekty.
Są 2 sposoby rysowania obrazów na ekranie w grach w języku C lub C++, np. za pomocą
OpenGL ES lub
Interfejs Vulkan –
boolNativeEngine::InitDisplay(){if(mEglDisplay!=EGL_NO_DISPLAY){returntrue;}mEglDisplay=eglGetDisplay(EGL_DEFAULT_DISPLAY);if(EGL_FALSE==eglInitialize(mEglDisplay,0,0)){LOGE("NativeEngine: failed to init display, error %d",eglGetError());returnfalse;}returntrue;}
Powierzchnia może być buforem poza ekranem (pbuffer) przydzielonym przez EGL lub
przez system operacyjny Android. Zainicjuj tę powierzchnię:
boolNativeEngine::InitSurface(){ASSERT(mEglDisplay!=EGL_NO_DISPLAY);if(mEglSurface!=EGL_NO_SURFACE){returntrue;}EGLintnumConfigs;constEGLintattribs[]={EGL_RENDERABLE_TYPE,EGL_OPENGL_ES2_BIT,// request OpenGL ES 2.0EGL_SURFACE_TYPE,EGL_WINDOW_BIT,EGL_BLUE_SIZE,8,EGL_GREEN_SIZE,8,EGL_RED_SIZE,8,EGL_DEPTH_SIZE,16,EGL_NONE};// Pick the first EGLConfig that matches.eglChooseConfig(mEglDisplay,attribs,&mEglConfig,1,&numConfigs);mEglSurface=eglCreateWindowSurface(mEglDisplay,mEglConfig,mApp->window,NULL);if(mEglSurface==EGL_NO_SURFACE){LOGE("Failed to create EGL surface, EGL error %d",eglGetError());returnfalse;}returntrue;}
Zainicjuj kontekst renderowania. W tym przykładzie tworzymy
Kontekst OpenGL ES 2.0:
boolNativeEngine::InitContext(){ASSERT(mEglDisplay!=EGL_NO_DISPLAY);if(mEglContext!=EGL_NO_CONTEXT){returntrue;}// OpenGL ES 2.0EGLintattribList[]={EGL_CONTEXT_CLIENT_VERSION,2,EGL_NONE};mEglContext=eglCreateContext(mEglDisplay,mEglConfig,NULL,attribList);if(mEglContext==EGL_NO_CONTEXT){LOGE("Failed to create EGL context, EGL error %d",eglGetError());returnfalse;}returntrue;}
Przed rysowaniem skonfiguruj ustawienia OpenGL ES. Ten przykład jest wykonywany o
początku każdej klatki. Umożliwia test głębi, ustawia wyraźny kolor
czarny oraz wyczyści bufory kolorów i głębi.
Aby renderować ramkę na wyświetlaczu, wywoływana jest metoda DoFrame.
w nieskończoność w pętli gry:
voidNativeEngine::GameLoop(){// Loop indefinitely.while(1){intevents;structandroid_poll_source*source;// If not animating, block until we get an event.while((ALooper_pollAll(IsAnimating()?0:-1,NULL,&events,(void**)&source))>=0){// Process events....}// Render a frame.if(IsAnimating()){DoFrame();}}}
W metodzie DoFrame wyślij zapytanie o bieżące wymiary powierzchni,
SceneManager, aby wyrenderować ramkę i zastąpić bufory ekranu.
voidNativeEngine::DoFrame(){...// Query the current surface dimension.intwidth,height;eglQuerySurface(mEglDisplay,mEglSurface,EGL_WIDTH,&width);eglQuerySurface(mEglDisplay,mEglSurface,EGL_HEIGHT,&height);// Handle dimension changes.SceneManager*mgr=SceneManager::GetInstance();if(width!=mSurfWidth||height!=mSurfHeight){mSurfWidth=width;mSurfHeight=height;mgr->SetScreenSize(mSurfWidth,mSurfHeight);glViewport(0,0,mSurfWidth,mSurfHeight);}...// Render scenes and objects.mgr->DoFrame();// Swap buffers.if(EGL_FALSE==eglSwapBuffers(mEglDisplay,mEglSurface)){HandleEglError(eglGetError());}}
Renderuj sceny i obiekty
Pętla gry przetwarza hierarchię widocznych scen i obiektów do wyrenderowania.
W przykładzie z kanałem Niekończący się tunel SceneManager śledzi wiele scen,
z aktywną tylko jedną sceną naraz. W tym przykładzie bieżąca scena to
wyrenderowano:
W zależności od gry scena może zawierać tło, tekst, sprite’y oraz
obiekty gry. Renderuj je w kolejności odpowiedniej dla gry. Ten przykład
renderuje tło, tekst i widżety:
voidUiScene::DoFrame(){// clear screenglClearColor(0.0f,0.0f,0.0f,1.0f);glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT|GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);glDisable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);RenderBackground();// Render the "Please Wait" sign and do nothing elseif(mWaitScreen){SceneManager*mgr=SceneManager::GetInstance();mTextRenderer->SetFontScale(WAIT_SIGN_SCALE);mTextRenderer->SetColor(1.0f,1.0f,1.0f);mTextRenderer->RenderText(S_PLEASE_WAIT,mgr->GetScreenAspect()*0.5f,0.5f);glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);return;}// Render all the widgets.for(inti=0;i < mWidgetCount;++i){mWidgets[i]->Render(mTrivialShader,mTextRenderer,mShapeRenderer,(mFocusWidget < 0)?UiWidget::FOCUS_NOT_APPLICABLE:(mFocusWidget==i)?UiWidget::FOCUS_YES:UiWidget::FOCUS_NO,tf);}glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);}
Materiały
Więcej informacji o platformie OpenGL ES i Vulkan znajdziesz w tym artykule:
Treść strony i umieszczone na niej fragmenty kodu podlegają licencjom opisanym w Licencji na treści. Java i OpenJDK są znakami towarowymi lub zastrzeżonymi znakami towarowymi należącymi do firmy Oracle lub jej podmiotów stowarzyszonych.
Ostatnia aktualizacja: 2025-07-27 UTC.
[null,null,["Ostatnia aktualizacja: 2025-07-27 UTC."],[],[],null,["# Configure graphics with OpenGL ES\n\nTo draw objects and sprites in your game, you will need to configure the\ndisplay, surface and context variables, set up rendering in your game loop, and\ndraw each scene and object.\n\nThere are two ways to draw images to the screen for a C or C++ game, namely with\n[OpenGL ES](/develop/ui/views/graphics/opengl/about-opengl), or\n[Vulkan](/ndk/guides/graphics/getting-started).\n\n- [OpenGL ES](/develop/ui/views/graphics/opengl/about-opengl) is part of the [Open Graphics\n Library (OpenGL®)](https://www.khronos.org/opengles/) specification\n intended for mobile devices such as Android. Learn how to configure OpenGL ES\n for your game in this topic.\n\n- If you use Vulkan for your game, read the\n [Getting started with Vulkan](/ndk/guides/graphics/getting-started)\n guide.\n\n| **Note:** The code in this topic is based on the [Endless Tunnel](https://github.com/android/ndk-samples/tree/master/endless-tunnel) sample, where details may differ for your game. Understand and adapt these concepts for your specific use case.\n\nBefore you get started\n----------------------\n\nIf you haven't already done so,\n[set up a GameActivity object](/games/agdk/game-activity) in your\nAndroid project.\n\nSet up OpenGL ES variables\n--------------------------\n\n1. You will need a [display](/reference/android/opengl/EGLDisplay),\n [surface](/reference/android/opengl/EGLSurface),\n [context](/reference/android/opengl/EGLContext), and\n [config](/reference/android/opengl/EGLConfig) to render your game. Add the\n following OpenGL ES variables to your game engine's header file:\n\n class NativeEngine {\n //...\n private:\n EGLDisplay mEglDisplay;\n EGLSurface mEglSurface;\n EGLContext mEglContext;\n EGLConfig mEglConfig;\n\n bool mHasFocus, mIsVisible, mHasWindow;\n bool mHasGLObjects;\n bool mIsFirstFrame;\n\n int mSurfWidth, mSurfHeight;\n }\n\n2. In the constructor for your game engine, initialize the default values for\n the variables.\n\n NativeEngine::NativeEngine(struct android_app *app) {\n //...\n mEglDisplay = EGL_NO_DISPLAY;\n mEglSurface = EGL_NO_SURFACE;\n mEglContext = EGL_NO_CONTEXT;\n mEglConfig = 0;\n\n mHasFocus = mIsVisible = mHasWindow = false;\n mHasGLObjects = false;\n mIsFirstFrame = true;\n\n mSurfWidth = mSurfHeight = 0;\n }\n\n3. Initialize the display to render.\n\n bool NativeEngine::InitDisplay() {\n if (mEglDisplay != EGL_NO_DISPLAY) {\n return true;\n }\n\n mEglDisplay = eglGetDisplay(EGL_DEFAULT_DISPLAY);\n if (EGL_FALSE == eglInitialize(mEglDisplay, 0, 0)) {\n LOGE(\"NativeEngine: failed to init display, error %d\", eglGetError());\n return false;\n }\n return true;\n }\n\n4. The surface can be an off-screen buffer (pbuffer) allocated by EGL, or a\n window allocated by the Android OS. Initialize this surface:\n\n bool NativeEngine::InitSurface() {\n ASSERT(mEglDisplay != EGL_NO_DISPLAY);\n if (mEglSurface != EGL_NO_SURFACE) {\n return true;\n }\n\n EGLint numConfigs;\n const EGLint attribs[] = {\n EGL_RENDERABLE_TYPE, EGL_OPENGL_ES2_BIT, // request OpenGL ES 2.0\n EGL_SURFACE_TYPE, EGL_WINDOW_BIT,\n EGL_BLUE_SIZE, 8,\n EGL_GREEN_SIZE, 8,\n EGL_RED_SIZE, 8,\n EGL_DEPTH_SIZE, 16,\n EGL_NONE\n };\n\n // Pick the first EGLConfig that matches.\n eglChooseConfig(mEglDisplay, attribs, &mEglConfig, 1, &numConfigs);\n mEglSurface = eglCreateWindowSurface(mEglDisplay, mEglConfig, mApp-\u003ewindow,\n NULL);\n if (mEglSurface == EGL_NO_SURFACE) {\n LOGE(\"Failed to create EGL surface, EGL error %d\", eglGetError());\n return false;\n }\n return true;\n }\n\n5. Initialize the rendering context. This example creates an\n [OpenGL ES 2.0](/reference/android/opengl/GLES20) context:\n\n bool NativeEngine::InitContext() {\n ASSERT(mEglDisplay != EGL_NO_DISPLAY);\n if (mEglContext != EGL_NO_CONTEXT) {\n return true;\n }\n\n // OpenGL ES 2.0\n EGLint attribList[] = { EGL_CONTEXT_CLIENT_VERSION, 2, EGL_NONE };\n mEglContext = eglCreateContext(mEglDisplay, mEglConfig, NULL, attribList);\n if (mEglContext == EGL_NO_CONTEXT) {\n LOGE(\"Failed to create EGL context, EGL error %d\", eglGetError());\n return false;\n }\n return true;\n }\n\n6. Configure your OpenGL ES settings before drawing. This example is executed at\n the beginning of every frame. It enables depth testing, sets the clear color to\n black, and clears the color and depth buffers.\n\n void NativeEngine::ConfigureOpenGL() {\n glClearColor(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f);\n glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);\n glClear(GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT | GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);\n }\n\nRender with the game loop\n-------------------------\n\n1. The game loop renders a frame and repeats indefinitely until the user quits.\n Between frames, your game may:\n\n - [Process events](/games/agdk/game-activity/get-started#handle-events) such as\n input, [audio output](/games/sdk/oboe), and networking events.\n\n - Update the game logic and user interface.\n\n - Render a frame to the display.\n\n To render a frame to the display, the `DoFrame` method is called\n indefinitely in the game loop: \n\n void NativeEngine::GameLoop() {\n // Loop indefinitely.\n while (1) {\n int events;\n struct android_poll_source* source;\n\n // If not animating, block until we get an event.\n while ((ALooper_pollAll(IsAnimating() ? 0 : -1, NULL, &events,\n (void **) &source)) \u003e= 0) {\n // Process events.\n ...\n }\n\n // Render a frame.\n if (IsAnimating()) {\n DoFrame();\n }\n }\n }\n\n2. In the `DoFrame` method, query the current surface dimensions, request\n `SceneManager` to render a frame, and swap the display buffers.\n\n void NativeEngine::DoFrame() {\n ...\n // Query the current surface dimension.\n int width, height;\n eglQuerySurface(mEglDisplay, mEglSurface, EGL_WIDTH, &width);\n eglQuerySurface(mEglDisplay, mEglSurface, EGL_HEIGHT, &height);\n\n // Handle dimension changes.\n SceneManager *mgr = SceneManager::GetInstance();\n if (width != mSurfWidth || height != mSurfHeight) {\n mSurfWidth = width;\n mSurfHeight = height;\n mgr-\u003eSetScreenSize(mSurfWidth, mSurfHeight);\n glViewport(0, 0, mSurfWidth, mSurfHeight);\n }\n ...\n // Render scenes and objects.\n mgr-\u003eDoFrame();\n\n // Swap buffers.\n if (EGL_FALSE == eglSwapBuffers(mEglDisplay, mEglSurface)) {\n HandleEglError(eglGetError());\n }\n }\n\nRender scenes and objects\n-------------------------\n\n1. The game loop processes a hierarchy of visible scenes and objects to render.\n In the Endless Tunnel example, a `SceneManager` keeps track of multiple scenes,\n with only one scene active at a time. In this example, the current scene is\n rendered:\n\n void SceneManager::DoFrame() {\n if (mSceneToInstall) {\n InstallScene(mSceneToInstall);\n mSceneToInstall = NULL;\n }\n\n if (mHasGraphics && mCurScene) {\n mCurScene-\u003eDoFrame();\n }\n }\n\n2. Depending on your game, a scene may contain background, text, sprites and\n game objects. Render them in the order suitable for your game. This example\n renders the background, text, and widgets:\n\n void UiScene::DoFrame() {\n // clear screen\n glClearColor(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f);\n glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);\n glDisable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);\n\n RenderBackground();\n\n // Render the \"Please Wait\" sign and do nothing else\n if (mWaitScreen) {\n SceneManager *mgr = SceneManager::GetInstance();\n mTextRenderer-\u003eSetFontScale(WAIT_SIGN_SCALE);\n mTextRenderer-\u003eSetColor(1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f);\n mTextRenderer-\u003eRenderText(S_PLEASE_WAIT, mgr-\u003eGetScreenAspect() * 0.5f,\n 0.5f);\n glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);\n return;\n }\n\n // Render all the widgets.\n for (int i = 0; i \u003c mWidgetCount; ++i) {\n mWidgets[i]-\u003eRender(mTrivialShader, mTextRenderer, mShapeRenderer,\n (mFocusWidget \u003c 0) ? UiWidget::FOCUS_NOT_APPLICABLE :\n (mFocusWidget == i) ? UiWidget::FOCUS_YES : UiWidget::FOCUS_NO,tf);\n }\n glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);\n }\n\nResources\n---------\n\nRead the following for more information about OpenGL ES and Vulkan:\n\n- [OpenGL ES](/develop/ui/views/graphics/opengl/about-opengl) - Images and graphics in Android.\n\n- [OpenGL ES](https://source.android.com/devices/graphics/arch-egl-opengl) -\n Overview in Android Source.\n\n- [Vulkan](/ndk/guides/graphics/getting-started) - Getting started in NDK.\n\n- [Vulkan](https://source.android.com/devices/graphics/arch-vulkan) - Overview\n in Android Source.\n\n- [Understand Android game loops](/games/develop/gameloops) - learn to pace\n frames, queue buffers, handle VSYNC callbacks, and manage threads."]]